Sri Lankan Civil War

Sri Lankan Civil War ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධය இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர்
Part of the Cold War, spillover into the 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
The area of Sri Lanka claimed by the LTTE as Tamil Eelam, where the vast majority of the fighting took place
Date 23 July 1983 – 19 May 2009[31][32] (25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location Sri Lanka Result Sri Lankan Government victory Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam militarily defeated Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island Collapse of the Tamil Eelam de facto state Fall of the Tamil Eelam Quasi-state Tamil National Alliance drops its demand for a separate Tamil state Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam established Territorial integrity of Sri Lanka preserved Territorial changes Government regains total control of former LTTE-controlled areas in the North and East of the country and Tamil Eelam gets reincorporated into Sri Lanka.
Belligerents
Sri Lanka Special Military training:  China[1][2] India (1992–2009) [3][4][5]  Pakistan[6][7][8]  Russia[9]  Israel[10]  United States[11]  United Kingdom[12][13][14]  Iran[9][15]  Ukraine[16] Arms suppliers:  European Union[17]  United States (2006–2007)[18] India (1992–2009)[19]  United Kingdom[20]  Pakistan[21]  China[1]  Iran[9]  Israel[22]  Russia[22]  Australia[23]  North Korea[24] Coastal Surveillance: India (1992–2009)[25]  United States[25] India (1987–1990)	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Special Military training: India (1983–1986)[26] Arms suppliers: India (1983–1986)[26]  North Korea[27]  Ukraine[28]  Eritrea (claimed by the U.S)[29] Black market[30] People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front Special Military training: India (1983-1990)[26] Arms suppliers: India (1983-1990)[26]
Commanders and leaders
J. R. Jayewardene (1983–1989) Ranasinghe Premadasa † (1989–1993) D. B. Wijetunga (1993–1994) Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005) Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–2009) R. Venkataraman (1987–1989) Rajiv Gandhi † (1987–1989) V. P. Singh (1989–1990)	V. Prabhakaran †
Strength
Sri Lanka Armed Forces: 95,000 (2001) 118,000 (2002) 158,000 (2003) 151,000 (2004) 111,000 (2005) 150,900 (2006)[33] 210,000 (2008)[citation needed] Indian Peace Keeping Force: 100,000 (peak)	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (excluding Auxiliary forces): 6,000 (2001) 7,000 (2003) 18,000 (2004)[33][34] 11,000 (2005)[35] 8,000 (2006) 15,000 (2007)[33][36] (including Auxiliary forces): 25,000 (2006) 30,000 (2008)[37]
Casualties and losses
28,700-32,000 killed[38][39] 111,655 wounded[40][26] 5,000 missing [41][42] 1,165 killed 3009 wounded (Indian Peace Keeping Force)[43][44]	27,000 killed[45][46][47][48] 11,644 surrendered[49]
1983–2009: At least 100,000 killed[50][51][52] 1983–2009: 80,000–100,000 killed (UN, 2009)[53][54] 1983–2006: 70,000 killed[55][56] 1956-2004: Tamil civilians: 54,053 killed and 25,266 disappeared (TCHR, 2004) [57] 2008–2009: 40,000 Tamil civilians killed (UN, 2011)[58][59][60][61] 2008–2009: 146,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted[62][63][61][64] 2009 Jan-May: 169,796 Tamil civilians killed (ITJP, 2021) [65] 2008–2009: 70,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted (UN, 2012)[66][67][68] 800,000 displaced at peak in 2001[69]
16 May 2009: Sri Lankan Government declared a military defeat of LTTE.[70] 17 May 2009: LTTE admit defeat by Sri Lankan Government.[71] 19 May 2009: President Mahinda Rajapaksa officially declares end of civil war in parliament.

The Sri Lankan Civil War (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිවිල් යුද්ධය; Tamil: இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர், romanized: Ilaṅkai uḷnāṭṭup pōr) was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, it was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Velupillai Prabhakaran-led Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers). The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka government.^[72][73][74]

Violent persecution erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms, as well as the 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library. These were carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from the British Empire in 1948.^[75] Shortly after gaining independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the sole official language of the nation.^[76] After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, bringing the civil war to an end.^[32]

Up to 70,000 had been killed by 2007.^[77][78][79] Immediately following the end of war, on 20 May 2009, the UN estimated a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths.^[80][53][81] However, in 2011, referring to the final phase of the war in 2009, the Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka stated, “A number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths.”^[82] The Sri Lankan government has repeatedly refused an independent, international investigation to ascertain the full impact of the war,^[83][84] with some reports claiming that government forces were raping and torturing Tamils involved in collating deaths and disappearances.^[85][86]

Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating human rights as a result of committing war crimes through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the abduction and massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils and sexual violence. The LTTE gained notoriety for carrying out numerous attacks against civilians of all ethnicities, particularly those of Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslim ethnicity, using child soldiers, assassinations of politicians and dissenters, and the use of suicide bombings against military, political and civilian targets.^[87]