Battle of Cibalae

Battle of Cibalae
	Part of Civil wars of the Tetrarchy
	; Constantine, bronze head from a sculpture, Capitoline Museums, Rome
Date	AD 316
Location	Colonia Aurelia Cibalae (modern Vinkovci, Croatia)45°16′59.999″N 18°48′0.000″E / 45.28333306°N 18.80000000°E
Result	Constantinian victory
Belligerents
Constantine the Great	Licinius
Commanders and leaders
Constantine	Licinius
Strength
20,000	35,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	20,000
	class=notpageimage\| Location within Croatia

The Battle of Cibalae was fought in 316^[4] between the two Roman emperors Constantine I (r. 306–337) and Licinius (r. 308–324). The site of the battle, near the town of Cibalae (now Vinkovci, Croatia) in the Roman province of Pannonia Secunda, was approximately 350 kilometers within the territory of Licinius. Constantine won a resounding victory, despite being outnumbered.

^ ^a ^b Lieu and Montserrat, p. 45.
^ ^a ^b Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. I, chapter XIV, p. 439
^ Odahl, p. 164
^ For the consensus on dating of the battle of Cibalae in 316, see A.S. Christensen, L. Baerentzen, Lactantius the Historian, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1980, p. 23, W. Treadgold, A history of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, p. 34, D.S. Potter, p. 378 and C. Odahl, p. 164. However, alternative years for the battle have been in debate since the 17th century; for the alternative dating at 314 see, among others, Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine, Routledge, reprinted 1987, p. 67 and A. H. M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, The English University Press, 1948, p. 127

[Lieu_and_Montserrat,_p._45-1] Lieu and Montserrat, p. 45.

[Gibbon,_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire,_vol._I,_chapter_XIV,_p._439-2] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. I, chapter XIV, p. 439

[Odahl,_p.164-3] Odahl, p. 164

[4] For the consensus on dating of the battle of Cibalae in 316, see A.S. Christensen, L. Baerentzen, Lactantius the Historian, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1980, p. 23, W. Treadgold, A history of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, p. 34, D.S. Potter, p. 378 and C. Odahl, p. 164. However, alternative years for the battle have been in debate since the 17th century; for the alternative dating at 314 see, among others, Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine, Routledge, reprinted 1987, p. 67 and A. H. M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, The English University Press, 1948, p. 127

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Battle of Cibalae

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