Back চৰ্যাপদ Assamese চর্যাপদ Bengali/Bangla Charyapada Welsh चर्यापद Hindi Charyapada ID Charya-sangene NB ଦୋହାକୋଷ ଓ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଗାନ OR Чарьяпада Russian Charyapada SIMPLE சர்யாபத் Tamil
The Charyapada (IAST: Caryapāda, Bengali: চর্যাপদ) is a collection of mystical poems, songs of realization in the Vajrayana tradition of Buddhism from the tantric tradition in Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.[1][2]
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It was written between the 8th and 12th centuries in various Abahattas that were ancestral to modern Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Odia, Magahi, Maithili, Kurmali and many other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and it is said to be the oldest collection of verses written in those languages. Charyāpada written in the script resembles the most closest form of Bengali–Assamese languages used today.[3][4][5] Intellectuals claim that Kurmali may be the nearest form of language used in Charyapada. Charyapada are used and understood by the common Kurmis. This was the regional form of Kurmali Language.[weasel words][6][7][8] A palm-leaf manuscript of the Charyāpada was rediscovered in the early 20th century by Haraprasad Shastri at the Nepal Royal Court Library.[9] The Charyapada was also preserved in the Tibetan Buddhist canon.[10]
As songs of realization, the Caryāpada were intended to be sung. These songs of realisation were spontaneously composed verses that expressed a practitioner's experience of the enlightened state. Miranda Shaw describes how songs of realization were an element of the ritual gathering of practitioners in a ganachakra:
The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music, that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revellers may also improvise "songs of realization" (caryagiti) to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.[11]
- ^ "The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas, belonged to the various regions of Assam,Kathmandu,Bengal, Orissa and Bihar". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ Shaw, Miranda; Shaw, Miranda (1995). Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01090-8.
- ^ Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. p. 80.
- ^ Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Subhra (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press, UK. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8108-5334-8. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Duggal, Gita; Chakrabarti, Joyita; George, Mary; Bhatia, Puja. Milestones Social Science. Madhubun. p. 79. ISBN 9789325982673. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Indian Defence Review. Lancer International. 1995.
- ^ Basu, Sajal (1994). Jharkhand Movement: Ethnicity and Culture of Silence. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. ISBN 978-81-85952-15-4.
- ^ Folk-lore. Indian Publications. 1985.
- ^ Guhathakurta, Meghna; van Schendel, Willem (30 April 2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8223-5318-8. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ Kværne, Per (2010). An Anthology of Buddhist Tantric Songs: A Study of the Caryāgīti. Orchid Press. ISBN 978-974-8299-34-1. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ Shaw, Miranda (1995). Passionate Enlightenment: Women in Tantric Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-691-01090-0.