Back مملكة غوينيد Arabic مملكة جوينيد ARZ Reinu de Gwynedd AST Каралеўства Гвінед Byelorussian Rouantelezh Gwynedd Breton Regne de Gwynedd Catalan Gwynedd (království) Czech Teyrnas Gwynedd Welsh Kongeriget Gwynedd Danish Königreich Gwynedd German
Kingdom of Gwynedd Teyrnas Gwynedd (Welsh) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 401–1283 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag of Gwynedd (Aberffraw)
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| Anthem: Unbennaeth Prydain The Monarchy of Britain[1][2][3][dubious ] | |||||||||
 Medieval kingdoms of Wales | |||||||||
| Capital | Chester (?) Deganwy (6th century)[4] Llanfaes (9th century)[5] Aberffraw(9–13th century)[6] Rhuddlan (11th century)[7] Abergwyngregyn (12–13th century)[8] | ||||||||
| Common languages | Welsh, Latin[9][a][b] | ||||||||
| Religion | Celtic Christianity[10] | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• 401–440 | Cunedda | ||||||||
• 520–547 | Maelgwn Gwynedd | ||||||||
• 625–634 | Cadwallon ap Cadfan | ||||||||
• 844 – 878 | Rhodri Mawr | ||||||||
• 1081–1137 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | ||||||||
• 1137–1170 | Owain Gwynedd | ||||||||
• 1195–1240 | Llywelyn the Great | ||||||||
• 1253–1282 | Llywelyn II | ||||||||
• 1282–1283 | Dafydd III | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
| 401 | |||||||||
• Declaration of the Principality of Wales | 3 October 1283 | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• c. 1271 | 200,000[11] | ||||||||
| Currency | ceiniog cyfreith ceiniog cwta[1][failed verification] | ||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||
^ In Latin, Gwynedd was often referred to in official medieval charters and acts of the 13th century as Principatus Norwallia (Principality of North Wales). | |||||||||
The Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin: Venedotia / Norwallia; Middle Welsh: Guynet)[1][12] was a Welsh kingdom and a Roman Empire successor state that emerged in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.[13]
Based in northwest Wales, the rulers of Gwynedd repeatedly rose to dominance and were acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or invasions.[14] The kingdom of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn—the King of Wales from 1055 to 1063—was shattered by a Saxon invasion in 1063 just prior to the Norman invasion of Wales, but the House of Aberffraw restored by Gruffudd ap Cynan slowly recovered and Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd was able to proclaim the Principality of Wales at the Aberdyfi gathering of Welsh princes in 1216.[15][16][17] In 1277, the Treaty of Aberconwy between Edward I of England and Llywelyn's grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd granted peace between the two but would also guarantee that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llywelyn's death, and so it represented the completion of the first stage of the conquest of Wales by Edward I.[18][c]
Welsh tradition credited the founding of Gwynedd to the Brittonic polity of Gododdin (Old Welsh Guotodin, earlier Brittonic form Votadini) from Lothian invading the lands of the Brittonic polities of the Deceangli, Ordovices, and Gangani in the 5th century.[19] The sons of their leader, Cunedda, were said to have possessed the land between the rivers Dee and Teifi.[20] The true borders of the realm varied over time, but Gwynedd proper was generally thought to comprise the cantrefs of Aberffraw, Cemais, and Cantref Rhosyr on Anglesey and Arllechwedd, Arfon, Dunoding, Dyffryn Clwyd, Llŷn, Rhos, Rhufoniog, and Tegeingl at the mountainous mainland region of Snowdonia opposite.[21]
- ^ a b Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Law. Oxford Univ., 1909. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ Bradley, A.G. (1 February 2013) [1901]. "Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence". New York city: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- ^ Jenkins, John (1 February 2013) [1873]. "Poetry of Wales". archive.org. London: Houlston & Sons.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
deganwywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lloyd 2004, p. 232.
- ^ Llwyd 1832, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Lloyd 2004.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
woodburywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Bellwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Archpriest Vladislav Tsypin. "THE CHURCH IN SEVENTH CENTURY CELTIC BRITAIN". orthochristian.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Davies 1994, p. 151.
- ^ Lewis, Timothy (1913). "A glossary of mediaeval Welsh law, based upon the Black book of Chirk". Manchester University Press.
- ^ "The lost kingdoms of Wales". walesonline.co.uk. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ Maund 2006.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Cynanwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Iorwerthwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gruffudd_abwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Pierre Chaplais; Michael Jones; Malcolm Vale (1 January 1989). England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. A&C Black. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-85285-014-2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Foundationwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K. (29 January 2013). "Harley MS 3859". kmatthews.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Harleian genealogies
- ^ "Cantrefs and Commotes of Wales". maryjones.us. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).