Lamprey

Lamprey Temporal range: Late Devonian – Holocene[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
A European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Infraphylum:	Agnatha
Class:	Hyperoartia
Order:	Petromyzontiformes Berg, 1940[2]
Type species
Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758
Subgroups
†Caeruleum †Hardistiella †Mayomyzon †Mesomyzon †Pipiscius †Priscomyzon †Yanliaomyzon Geotriidae Mordaciidae Petromyzontidae
Synonyms
Hyperoartia Müller 1844

Lampreys /ˈlæmpreɪz/ (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are a group of jawless fish comprising the order Petromyzontiformes /ˌpɛtroʊmɪˈzɒntɪfɔːrmiːz/. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from Latin lampetra, which may mean "stone licker" (lambere "to lick" + petra "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain.^[3] Lamprey is sometimes seen for the plural form.^[4]

There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys^[5] and around seven known extinct species.^[6][7] They are classified in three families: two small families in the Southern Hemisphere (Geotriidae, Mordaciidae) and one large family in the Northern Hemisphere; (Petromyzontidae).

Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to hagfish, the only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to jawed vertebrates, forming the superclass Cyclostomi. The oldest fossils of stem-group lampreys are from the latest Devonian, around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during the Jurassic, around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between the Middle Jurassic and the end of the Cretaceous.^[6]

Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and filter feed.^[8] Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or blood;^[9] but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle^[10][11] (with Caspiomyzon suggested to feed on carrion rather than live prey^[9]). Of the 18 carnivorous species, nine migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed (some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species.^[12] Adults of the non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes.