MIM-3 Nike Ajax

Nike Ajax
A Nike Ajax in firing position.
Type	Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1954–1970
Used by	United States Army and allies
Production history
Manufacturer	Bell Labs Douglas Aircraft Company
Unit cost	US$19,300 (equivalent to $203,819 in 2023) (flyaway, 1958) US$61,000 (equivalent to $644,194 in 2023) total
Produced	1952
Specifications
Mass	2,460 lb (1.12 t) total 1,000 lb (0.454 t) sustainer 1,460 lb (0.7 t) booster
Length	32 ft 8 in (9.96 m) overall 20 ft 11 in (6.38 m) sustainer 13 ft 2 in (4.01 m) booster
Diameter	14.6 in (0.37 m) sustainer 16.2 in (0.41 m) booster
Wingspan	50 in (1.3 m) sustainer 76 in (1.9 m) booster
Warhead	3 warheads using Comp B
Detonation mechanism	radio command
Engine	Solid rocket booster liquid fuel sustainer 55,000 lbf (240 kN) booster 2,600 lbf (12 kN) sustainer
Propellant	JP-4/UDMH and RFNA (sustainer)
Operational range	30 mi (48 km)
Flight ceiling	70,000 ft (21,000 m)
Maximum speed	Mach 2.25 (2,760 km/h; 1,710 mph) (@ 50,000 ft (15,000 m))
Guidance system	command guidance
Launch platform	fixed erector/launchers

The Nike Ajax was an American guided surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by Bell Labs for the United States Army. The world's first operational guided surface-to-air missile,^[1] the Nike Ajax was designed to attack conventional bomber aircraft flying at high subsonic speeds and altitudes above 50,000 feet (15 km). Nike entered service in 1954 and was initially deployed within the United States to defend against potential Soviet bomber attacks,^[2] though it was later deployed overseas to protect US military bases, and was also sold to various allied militaries. Some examples remained in use until the 1970s.

Originally known simply as "Nike", it gained the "Ajax" as part of a 1956 renaming effort that resulted from the introduction of the similarly-named Nike Hercules. It was initially given the identifier SAM-A-7 (Surface-to-air, Army, design 7) as part of an early tri-service identification system,^[3] but later changed to MIM-3 in 1962.^{[4][N 1]}

Technological development during the 1950s quickly rendered the MIM-3 obsolete. It was unable to defend against more capable bombers or multiple targets in formation, and had relatively short range. Even while Nike was being deployed, these concerns led to the contracts for the greatly improved MIM-14 Nike Hercules, which began deployment in 1959. As Hercules developed, the threat moved from bombers to ICBMs, and the LIM-49 Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile project started to address these. All of the Nike projects were led by Bell Labs, due to their early work in radar guidance systems during World War II.

Part of the Nike Ajax development program designed a new solid fuel rocket motor used for the missile's booster. This had originally been designed for the United States Navy's missiles, and was enlarged for the Nike efforts. The rocket was so useful that it found numerous applications outside the military world as the Ajax missiles were decommissioned in the 1960s. Many sounding rockets used the booster as their first or second stage, and many of those used "Nike" in their name.

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