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In psychology, manipulation is defined as subterfuge designed to influence or control another, usually in an underhanded manner which facilitates one's personal aims.[1] Methods used to distort the individual's perception of reality may include seduction, suggestion, persuasion and blackmail to induce submission.[2][3] Usage of the term varies depending on which behavior is specifically included, whether referring to the general population or used in clinical contexts.[4] Manipulation is generally considered a dishonest form of social influence as it is used at the expense of others.[5]
Manipulative tendencies may derive from cluster B personality disorders such as narcissistic, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder (usually by feigning distress or using flattery, gaslighting,[6] emotional blackmail or love-bombing or seduction[6] to obtain affection or to avoid abandonment).[7] Manipulation is also correlated with higher levels of dark empathy,[8] emotional intelligence,[9][7] and is a chief component of the personality construct dubbed Machiavellianism.[10][7]
- ^ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/manipulation
- ^ "Manipulation". APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Lynam, Donald R.; Vachon, David D. (2012). "Antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5: Missteps and missed opportunities". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 3 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1037/per0000006. ISSN 1949-2723. PMID 23106185.
- ^ Potter NN (April 2006). "What is manipulative behavior, anyway?". Journal of Personality Disorders. 20 (2): 139–156. doi:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.2.139. PMID 16643118.
- ^ Brennan D. "Signs of Emotional Manipulation". www.webmd.com. WebMD. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ a b March E, Kay C, Dinić BM, et al. (23 June 2023). ""It's All in Your Head": Personality Traits and Gaslighting Tactics in Intimate Relationships". Journal of Family Violence. doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00582-y.
- ^ a b c Bereczkei T (2018). Machiavellianism : the psychology of manipulation. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-138-09328-7. OCLC 991673448.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "What is a Dark Empath?". 9 February 2022.
- ^ Ngoc NN, Tuan NP, Takahashi Y (October 2020). "A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Manipulation". SAGE Open. 10 (4): 215824402097161. doi:10.1177/2158244020971615. ISSN 2158-2440. S2CID 228806921.
- ^ Leary MR, Hoyle RH (2009). Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. New York. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2. OCLC 286508643.
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