Nasr (deity)

Vulture (nasr) reliefs from Himyar

Nasr (Arabic: نسر "Vulture") was apparently a pre-Islamic Arabian deity of the Himyarites.[1] Reliefs depicting vultures have been found in Himyar, including at Maṣna'at Māriya and Haddat Gulays,[2] and Nasr appears in theophoric names.[3][4] Nasr has been identified by some scholars with Maren-Shamash,[3][5] who is often flanked by vultures in depictions at Hatra.[6] Hisham ibn Al-Kalbi's Book of Idols describes a temple to Nasr at Balkha, an otherwise unknown location.[7] Some sources attribute the deity to "the dhū-l-Khila tribe of Himyar".[8][9][10][11] Himyaritic inscriptions were thought to describe "the vulture of the east" and "the vulture of the west", which Augustus Henry Keane interpreted as solstitial worship;[12] however these are now thought to read "eastward" and "westward" with n-s-r as a preposition.[1][a] J. Spencer Trimingham believed Nasr was "a symbol of the sun".[15]

  1. ^ a b Hawting, G. R. (1999). The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History. Cambridge UP. ISBN 9781139426350.
  2. ^ Paul Yule, Late Ḥimyarite Vulture Reliefs, in: eds. W. Arnold, M. Jursa, W. Müller, S. Procházka, Philologisches und Historisches zwischen Anatolien und Sokotra, Analecta Semitica In Memorium Alexander Sima (Wiesbaden 2009), 447–455, ISBN 978-3-447-06104-9
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 1975.
  5. ^ Kaizer, Ted; Hekster, Olivier (2011-05-10). Frontiers in the Roman World: Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durham, 16-19 April 2009). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-21503-0.
  6. ^ Dirven, Lucinda. "Horned Deities of Hatra. Meaning and Origin of a Hybrid Phenomenon, in Mesopotamia 50 (2015), 243-260". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ al-Kalbi, Ibn (2015-12-08). Book of Idols. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7679-2.
  8. ^ The Bombay Quarterly Magazine and Review. 1853.
  9. ^ al-Shidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris (2015-10-15). Leg Over Leg: Volumes One and Two. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-0072-8.
  10. ^ Tisdall, William St Clair (1911). The Original Sources of the Qur'ân. Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
  11. ^ Lenormant, François; Chevallier, Elisabeth (1871). Medes and Persians, Phoenicians, and Arabians. J.B. Lippincott.
  12. ^ Keane, Augustus Henry (1901). The Gold of Ophir, Whence Brought and by Whom?. E. Stanford.
  13. ^  "Avodah Zarah 11b". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  14. ^  "Rashi on Avodah Zarah 11b:8:1". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  15. ^  Trimingham, J. Spencer (1990). Christianity Among the Arabs in Pre-Islamic Times. Stacey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-900988-68-1. pg. 20


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