Animal taxon
Panarthropoda is a proposed animal clade containing the extant phyla Arthropoda , Tardigrada (water bears) and Onychophora (velvet worms).[3] Panarthropods also include extinct marine legged worms known as lobopodians ("Lobopodia "), a paraphyletic group where the last common ancestor and basal members (stem-group ) of each extant panarthropod phylum are thought to have risen.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] However the term "Lobopodia" is sometimes expanded to include tardigrades and onychophorans as well.[5]
Common characteristics of the Panarthropoda include a segmented body , paired ladder-like ventral nervous system , and the presence of paired appendages correlated with body segments.[10] [5] [6] [8]
^ Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Daley, Allison C.; Pisani, Davide. "Molecular Timetrees Reveal a Cambrian Colonization of Land and a New Scenario for Ecdysozoan Evolution" Current Biology, Volume 23, Issue 5 (31 January, 2013) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.026
^ Chen, Zhe; Chen, Xiang; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (6 June 2018). "Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages" . Science Advances . 4 (6). doi :10.1126/sciadv.aao6691 . hdl :10919/84444 .
^ Cite error: The named reference Telford2008
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^ a b c Cite error: The named reference OrtegaHernandez2016
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^ a b Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. (2017-05-01). "Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head – A palaeobiological and developmental perspective" . Arthropod Structure & Development . Evolution of Segmentation. 46 (3): 354–379. doi :10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011 . ISSN 1467-8039 . PMID 27989966 .
^ Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2019-06-17). "The Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Arthropods" . Current Biology . 29 (12): R592–R602. doi :10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057 . ISSN 0960-9822 . PMID 31211983 . S2CID 189926344 .
^ a b Chipman, Ariel D.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2019-10-09). "Developing an integrated understanding of the evolution of arthropod segmentation using fossils and evo-devo" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 286 (1912): 20191881. doi :10.1098/rspb.2019.1881 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 6790758 . PMID 31575373 .
^ Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-11-02). "Arthropod origins: Integrating paleontological and molecular evidence" . Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics . 51 (1): 1–25. doi :10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437 . ISSN 1543-592X . S2CID 225478171 .
^ Cite error: The named reference :1
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