Pentagrid converter

Basic heptode-based self-oscillating pentagrid converter circuits.
Top: Indirectly-heated variant
Bottom: Directly-heated variant, which requires the cathode to be grounded
Grids of a 12SA7GT pentagrid converter, showing all five grids

The pentagrid converter is a type of radio receiving valve (vacuum tube) with five grids used as the frequency mixer stage of a superheterodyne radio receiver.

The pentagrid was part of a line of development of valves that were able to take an incoming RF signal and change its frequency to a fixed intermediate frequency, which was then amplified and detected in the remainder of the receiver circuitry. The device was generically referred to as a frequency changer or just mixer.


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