Back جامعات القرميد الأحمر Arabic جامعات الطوب الأحمر ARZ دانشگاه آجر قرمز Persian Red brick university French Կարմիր աղյուսից համալսարաններ Armenian Universitas bata merah ID 赤レンガ大学群 Japanese 레드브릭 Korean Universiti bata merah Malay Redbrickuniversiteit Dutch
A red brick university (or redbrick university) was originally one of the nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century.[2][3]
However, with the 1960s proliferation of plate glass universities and the reclassification of polytechnics in the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 as post-1992 universities, all British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities are now sometimes referred to as "red brick".[4]
Six of the original redbrick institutions, or their predecessor institutes, gained university status before World War I and were initially established as civic science or engineering colleges.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Eight of the nine original institutions are members of the Russell Group.[11]
- ^ Bruce Truscot (1951). Red Brick University (2nd ed.). Pelican. pp. 24–25.
- ^ The term was coined by Bruce Truscot (Edgar Allison Peers) in Red Brick University, which states: "It is primarily with eight of the twelve English universities that this book is concerned: Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Reading and Sheffield" (p. 25) and, with respect to Durham, that "its Newcastle college, perhaps, can properly find a place in this survey" (p. 24).[1]
- ^ "A history of the HE environment". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007.
- ^ "red-brick". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
- ^ "Birmingham University Firsts". Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "About the University of Bristol". Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Origins of the University of Leeds". Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "About the University of Liverpool". Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "University of Manchester: History". Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "About the University of Sheffield". Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ Russell Group: Home