Back حبار مصاص الدماء Arabic حبار مصاص الدماء ARZ Vampyroteuthis infernalis Azerbaijani Дълбоководен вампиров калмар Bulgarian Calamar vampir Catalan Vampyroteuthis infernalis CEB Vampýrovka hlubinná Czech Vampirtintenfisch German Vampyroteuthis infernalis Spanish Vampyroteuthis infernalis Basque
| Vampire squid | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Vampyromorphida |
| Family: | Vampyroteuthidae |
| Genus: | Vampyroteuthis Chun, 1903 |
| Species: | V. infernalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun, 1903
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis, lit. 'vampire squid from hell') is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions.[2][3] The vampire squid uses its bioluminescent organs and its unique oxygen metabolism to thrive in the parts of the ocean with the lowest concentrations of oxygen. It has two long retractile filaments, located between the first two pairs of arms on its dorsal side,[4] which distinguish it from both octopuses and squids, and places it in its own order, Vampyromorphida, although its closest relatives are octopods. As a phylogenetic relict, it is the only known surviving member of its order.[5]
The first specimens were collected on the Valdivia Expedition and were originally described as an octopus in 1903 by German teuthologist Carl Chun, but later assigned to a new order together with several extinct taxa.
- ^ Philippe Bouchet (2018). "Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun, 1903". MolluscaBase. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ Herring, P. J.; Dilly, P. N.; Cope, Celia (1994-05-01). "The bioluminescent organs of the deep-sea cephalopod Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha)". Journal of Zoology. 233 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05261.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
- ^ "Vampire Squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis". MarineBio.org.
- ^ Young, Richard E. (1967). "Homology of Retractile Filaments of Vampire Squid". Science. 156 (3782): 1633–1634. Bibcode:1967Sci...156.1633Y. doi:10.1126/science.156.3782.1633. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1721610. PMID 6025124. S2CID 24349161.
- ^ Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Lindsay, Dhugal J.; Yoshida, Mari; Tsuchiya, Kotaro; Yamagishi, Akihiko; Maruyama, Tadashi; Oshima, Tairo (August 2007). "Mitochondrial genome structure and evolution in the living fossil vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, and extant cephalopods". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 898–910. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.009. PMID 17596970.