Back ورليات العيون Arabic ভারানপিডে Bengali/Bangla Varanòpids Catalan Varanopidae German Varanopidae Spanish بزمجهچهرگان Persian Varanopidae Finnish Varanopidae French Varanopseidae Galician Varanopseidae Italian
| Varanopidae Temporal range: Late Carboniferous - Middle Permian,
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Fossil skeleton of Varanops brevirostris in the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Synapsida |
| Family: | †Varanopidae Romer and Price, 1940 |
| Genera | |
|
See below | |
Varanopidae is an extinct family of amniotes that resembled monitor lizards and may have filled a similar niche, hence the name. Typically, they are considered synapsids that evolved from an Archaeothyris-like synapsid in the Late Carboniferous. Although some studies from the late 2010s have recovered them being taxonomically closer to diapsid reptiles,[1][2][3] recent studies from the early 2020s support their traditional placement as synapsids on the basis of high degree of bone labyrinth ossification, maxillary canal morphology and phylogenetic analyses.[4][5][6] A varanopid from the latest Middle Permian Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is the youngest known varanopid and the last member of the "pelycosaur" group of synapsids.[7]
- ^ Ford, David P.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2018). "A redescription of Orovenator mayorum (Sauropsida, Diapsida) using high‐resolution μCT, and the consequences for early amniote phylogeny". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (2): 197–239. doi:10.1002/spp2.1236. S2CID 92485505.
- ^ Modesto, Sean P. (December 23, 2019). "Rooting about reptile relationships". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 10–11. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1074-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 31900449. S2CID 209672518.
- ^ MacDougall, Mark J.; Modesto, Sean P.; Brocklehurst, Neil; Verrière, Antoine; Reisz, Robert R.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2018). "Commentary: A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00099. ISSN 2296-6463.
- ^ Bazzana, K. D.; Evans, D. C.; Bevitt, J. J.; Reisz, R. R. (2021). "Neurosensory anatomy of Varanopidae and its implications for early synapsid evolution". Journal of Anatomy. 240 (5): 833–849. doi:10.1111/joa.13593. PMC 9005680. PMID 34775594. S2CID 244116303.
- ^ Benoit, J.; Ford, D. P.; Miyamae, J. A.; Ruf, I. (2021). "Can maxillary canal morphology inform varanopid phylogenetic affinities?". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (2): 389–393. doi:10.4202/app.00816.2020. S2CID 237333701.
- ^ Simões, T.; Kammerer, C. (August 2022). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". ScienceAdvances. 08 (33): eabq1898. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885. S2CID 251694019.
- ^ Modesto, S.P.; Smith, R.M.H.; Campione, N.E.; Reisz, R.R. (2011). "The last "pelycosaur": a varanopid synapsid from the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone, Middle Permian of South Africa". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (12): 1027–1034. Bibcode:2011NW.....98.1027M. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0856-2. PMID 22009069. S2CID 27865550.