Anarcocomunismo

El anarcocomunismo (también conocido como comunismo anarquista,^[1]​ comunismo libre, comunismo libertario^[2]​^[3]​^[4]​^[5]​^[6]​ y anarquismo comunista)^[7]​^[8]​ es una teoría del anarquismo que aboga por la abolición del estado, el capitalismo, el trabajo asalariado y la propiedad privada (manteniendo el respeto por la propiedad personal)^[9]​ a favor de una propiedad común de los medios de producción,^[10]​^[11]​ democracia directa y una red horizontal de asociaciones voluntarias con producción y consumo basados en el principio rector: «De cada cual según sus capacidades, a cada cual según sus necesidades».^[12]​^[13]​

Algunas formas de comunismo anarquista, como el anarquismo insurreccional, están fuertemente influenciadas por el egoísmo y el individualismo radical, creyendo que el anarcocomunismo es el mejor sistema social para la realización de la libertad individual.^[14]​^[15]​^[16]​^[17]​ La mayoría de los anarcocomunistas ven el anarcocomunismo como una forma de reconciliar la oposición entre el individuo y la sociedad.^[18]​^[19]​^[20]​^[21]​^[22]​

El anarcocomunismo se desarrolló a partir de las corrientes socialistas radicales después de la Revolución Francesa,^[23]​^[24]​ pero se formuló por primera vez como tal en la sección italiana de la Primera Internacional.^[25]​ El trabajo teórico de Piotr Kropotkin cobró importancia más tarde, ya que expandió y desarrolló secciones proorganizacionales e insurgentes.^[26]​ Hasta la fecha, los ejemplos más conocidos de una sociedad comunista anarquista (es decir, establecidos en torno a las ideas tal como existen hoy y alcanzando la atención y el conocimiento mundial en el canon histórico) son los territorios anarquistas durante la Revolución española^[27]​ y el Territorio Libre durante la Revolución rusa, y la Provincia Libre de Shinmin. A través del esfuerzo y la influencia de los anarquistas españoles durante la Revolución española dentro de la Guerra Civil española, a partir de 1936 existía el comunismo anarquista en la mayor parte de Aragón, partes de Levante y Andalucía, así como en el bastión de la Cataluña anarquista antes de ser aplastado por las fuerzas combinadas del régimen golpista, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, la represión del Partido Comunista Español (respaldada por la Unión Soviética) a partir de levantamientos revolucionarios en medio de una guerra contra el fascismo, así como los bloqueos económicos y de armamentos de los países capitalistas y de la propia República española.^[28]​ Durante la Revolución Rusa, anarquistas como Nestor Makhno trabajaron para crear y defender, a través del Ejército Revolucionario Insurreccional de Ucrania, el comunismo anarquista en el Territorio Libre de Ucrania desde 1919 antes de ser conquistados por los bolcheviques en 1921.

1. ↑ Bolloten, Burnett (1991). The Spanish Civil War: revolution and counterrevolution. UNC Press Books. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8078-1906-7. Consultado el 25 de marzo de 2011. 
2. ↑ According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau, the first use of the term "libertarian communism" was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to more clearly identify its doctrines. Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-900384-89-1. 
3. ↑ "Anarchist communism is also known as anarcho-communism, communist anarchism, or, sometimes, libertarian communism". "Anarchist communism - an introduction" by Libcom.org.
4. ↑ "The terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism thus became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain (with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term)". "Anarchist Communism & Libertarian Communism" by Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze. from "L'informatore di parte", No.4, October 1979, quarterly journal of the Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze Archivado el 18 de octubre de 2017 en Wayback Machine..
5. ↑ "The 'Manifesto of Libertarian Communism' was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the Federation Communiste Libertaire of France. It is one of the key texts of the anarchist-communist current". "Manifesto of Libertarian Communism" Archivado el 23 de octubre de 2019 en Wayback Machine. by Georges Fontenis.
6. ↑ "In 1926 a group of exiled Russian anarchists in France, the Delo Truda (Workers' Cause) group, published this pamphlet. It arose not from some academic study but from their experiences in the 1917 Russian revolution". "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists" by Delo Truda.
7. ↑ "The Schism Between Individualist and Communist Anarchism" by Wendy McElroy.
8. ↑ "Anarchist communism is also known as anarcho-communism, communist anarchism, or, sometimes, libertarian communism". "Anarchist communism - an introduction" by Jacques Roux.
9. ↑ "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people". Alexander Berkman. "What Is Communist Anarchism?" [1].
10. ↑ Mayne, Alan James (1999). «From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms». Books.google.com (Greenwood Publishing Group). ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2010. 
11. ↑ Anarchism for Know-It-Alls By Know-It-Alls For Know-It-Alls, For Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. January 2008. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59986-218-7. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2010. 
12. ↑ Fabbri, Luigi. "Anarchism and Communism." Northeastern Anarchist #4. 1922. 13 October 2002. [2].
13. ↑ Makhno, Mett, Arshinov, Valevski, Linski (Dielo Trouda). "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists". 1926. Constructive Section: available here.
14. ↑ Christopher Gray, Leaving the Twentieth Century, p. 88.
15. ↑ "Towards the creative Nothing" by Renzo Novatore
16. ↑ Post-left anarcho-communist Bob Black after analysing insurrectionary anarcho-communist Luigi Galleani's view on anarcho-communism went as far as saying that "communism is the final fulfillment of individualism...The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both...Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of "emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual,"...You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a “method of individualization.” It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity."Bob Black. Nightmares of Reason.
17. ↑ "Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved - and how enslaved!...Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand - that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand". "Stirner: The Ego and His Own". Max Baginski. Mother Earth. Vol. 2. No. 3 May 1907.
18. ↑ "Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty — provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy...Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work". "Communism and Anarchy" por Piotr Kropotkin.
19. ↑ "This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony". Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists by Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause).
20. ↑ "I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle". "My Perspectives" Archivado el 16 de julio de 2011 en Wayback Machine. by Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12.
21. ↑ L. Susan Brown, The Politics of Individualism, Black Rose Books (2002).
22. ↑ L. Susan Brown, "Does Work Really Work?".
23. ↑ Robert Graham, Anarchism - A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939), Black Rose Books, 2005
24. ↑ "Chapter 41: The Anarchists" en The Great French Revolution 1789-1793 de Piotr Kropotkin.
25. ↑ Nunzio Pernicone, Italian Anarchism 1864–1892, pp. 111-113, AK Press 2009.
26. ↑ "Anarchist-Communism" by Alain Pengam: "This inability to break definitively with collectivism in all its forms also exhibited itself over the question of the workers' movement, which divided anarchist-communism into a number of tendencies."
27. ↑ "This process of education and class organization, more than any single factor in Spain, produced the collectives. And to the degree that the CNT-FAI (for the two organizations became fatally coupled after July 1936) exercised the major influence in an area, the collectives proved to be generally more durable, communist and resistant to Stalinist counterrevolution than other republican-held areas of Spain." Murray Bookchin. To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936]
28. ↑ Murray Bookchin. To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936]