Stato comunista

La locuzione Stato comunista (anche indicato come Stato socialista o marxista-leninista od operaio) a partire dal XX secolo indica uno Stato amministrato e governato da un singolo partito guidato dalla filosofia marxista-leninista.

La definizione Stato comunista è usata da storici, politologi e media di formazione liberale e democratica parlamentare per riferirsi a Paesi nei quali, secondo loro, i pieni poteri sono tenuti da un solo partito d'ideologia marxista-leninista: tali Stati infatti non si proclamano "comunisti" né affermano di aver raggiunto il comunismo, definendosi Stati in cui è in atto la costruzione del socialismo e della dittatura del proletariato, intesa come fase transitoria verso l'effettiva realizzazione della società comunista.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Questi Stati generalmente si autodefiniscono come dittatura del proletariato o della classe operaia, in quanto i rappresentanti politici della classe operaia, compongono l’unica classe dirigente del Paese, in contrasto con il capitalismo, in cui la classe dominante è costituita dai rappresentanti politici della borghesia attraverso il sistema pluripartitico, sempre secondo il punto di vista marxista-leninista.

Gli Stati comunisti sono amministrati da un singolo apparato di partito centralizzato, sebbene nominalmente possano esistere in alcuni casi più partiti politici, comunque sottoposti all'egemonia politica del partito centralizzato. In alcuni casi gli Stati comunisti, tramite processi di partecipazione politica, hanno coinvolto nel potere diverse altre organizzazioni non partitiche, come sindacati, comitati di fabbrica e partecipazione democratica diretta.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

^ J. Wilczynski, The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990, Aldine Transaction, 2008, p. 21, ISBN 978-0-202-36228-1.
«Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.»
^ David Ramsay Steele, From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation, Open Court, settembre 1999, p. 45, ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5.
«Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.»
^ Mariana V. Rosser e J. Barkley Jr., Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy, MIT Press, 23 luglio 2003, p. 14., ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8.
«Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.»
^ Raymond Williams, Socialism, in Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 289, ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8.
«The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.»
^ Pat Sloan, Soviet democracy, 1937.
^ Samuel Farber, Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy, 1992.
^ Israel Getzler, Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
^ Sidney Webb e Beatrice Webb, Soviet communism: a new civilisation?, 1935.
^ Donald F. Busky, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey, Praeger, 20 luglio 2000, p. 9, ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1.
«In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.»

[The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-1] J. Wilczynski, The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990, Aldine Transaction, 2008, p. 21, ISBN 978-0-202-36228-1.
«Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.»

[2] David Ramsay Steele, From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation, Open Court, settembre 1999, p. 45, ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5.
«Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.»

[3] Mariana V. Rosser e J. Barkley Jr., Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy, MIT Press, 23 luglio 2003, p. 14., ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8.
«Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.»

[Williams_1983_289-4] Raymond Williams, Socialism, in Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 289, ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8.
«The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.»

[5] Pat Sloan, Soviet democracy, 1937.

[6] Samuel Farber, Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy, 1992.

[7] Israel Getzler, Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

[8] Sidney Webb e Beatrice Webb, Soviet communism: a new civilisation?, 1935.

[9] Donald F. Busky, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey, Praeger, 20 luglio 2000, p. 9, ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1.
«In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.»

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Stato comunista

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