Aluminium, 00Al![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/220px-Aluminium-4.jpg) |
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Pronunciation | |
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Alternative name | aluminum (U.S., Canada) |
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Appearance | silvery gray metallic |
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| 26.9815384(3)[2] |
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Group | group 13 (boron group) |
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Period | period 3 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 3 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 2.70 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 2.375 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 10.71 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 284 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.20 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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at T (K)
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1482
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1632
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1817
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2054
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2364
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2790
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Oxidation states | −2, −1, 0,[3] +1,[4] +2,[5] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.61 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 143 pm |
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Covalent radius | 121±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 184 pm |
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Spectral lines of aluminium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | (rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t.) |
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Thermal expansion | 23.1 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 237 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic[6] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | +16.5·10−6 cm3/mol |
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Young's modulus | 70 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 26 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 76 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.35 |
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Mohs hardness | 2.75 |
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Vickers hardness | 160–350 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 160–550 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7429-90-5 |
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Naming | after alumina (aluminium oxide), itself named after mineral alum |
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Prediction | Antoine Lavoisier (1782) |
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Discovery and first isolation | Hans Christian Ørsted (1824) |
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Named by | Humphry Davy (1812) |
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Category: Aluminium | references |
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Aluminium (in American English: aluminum) is a chemical element. The symbol for aluminium is Al, and its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is the most abundant metal. It is a mononuclidic element.
- ↑ "aluminum". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
- ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium". CIAAW. 2017.
- ↑ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
- ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
- ↑ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
- ↑
Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0849304814.
- ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ↑ Mougeot, X. (2019). "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 154 (108884). doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884.
- ↑ D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0.
- ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35: 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.