Swiss Confederation | |
---|---|
Motto: (traditional) "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno" (Latin) "One for all, all for one" | |
Anthem: "Swiss Psalm" | |
![]() Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green and dark grey) | |
Capital | 46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E |
Largest city | Zürich |
Official languages | |
Recognised national languages | Romansh |
Ethnic groups (2019)[4] | |
Religion (2020)[5] |
|
Demonym(s) | |
Government | Federal assembly-independent[6][7] directorial republic under a semi-direct democracy |
Walter Thurnherr | |
Legislature | Federal Assembly |
Council of States | |
National Council | |
History | |
c. 1300[note 2] (traditionally 1 August 1291) | |
24 October 1648 | |
7 August 1815 | |
12 September 1848[note 3][8] | |
Area | |
• Total | 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd) |
• Water (%) | 4.34 (2015)[9] |
Population | |
• 2019 estimate | ![]() |
• 2015 census | 8,327,126[11] |
• Density | 207/km2 (536.1/sq mi) (48th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2018) | ![]() low · 19th |
HDI (2019) | ![]() very high · 2nd |
Currency | Swiss franc (CHF) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Date format | dd.mm.yyyy (AD) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +41 |
ISO 3166 code | CH |
Internet TLD | .ch, .swiss |
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe.[note 4][15] The country is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.[note 1][3][2] Switzerland is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) and land area of 39,997 km2 (15,443 sq mi). Although the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities and economic centres are, among them Zürich, Geneva and Basel. These three cities are home to several offices of international organisations such as the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, the headquarters of FIFA, the UN's second-largest office, as well as the main office of the Bank for International Settlements. The main international airports of Switzerland are also located in these cities.
The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Late Middle Ages resulted from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland, which is celebrated on Swiss National Day. Since the Reformation of the 16th century, Switzerland has maintained a firm policy of armed neutrality; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy. It is frequently involved in peace-building processes worldwide.[16] Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably not part of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Eurozone. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties.
Switzerland occupies the crossroads of Germanic and Romance Europe, as reflected in its four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although the majority of the population are German-speaking, Swiss national identity is rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,[17] as well as Alpine symbolism.[18][19] This identity stretching across languages, ethnic groups, and religions has led many to consider Switzerland a Willensnation ("nation of volition"), as opposed to a nation-state.[20]
Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[note 5] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ, ˈʒviːtsʁɐ] (Romansh).[note 6] On coins and stamps, the Latin name, Confoederatio Helvetica – frequently shortened to "Helvetia" – is used instead of the four national languages. A developed country, it has the highest nominal wealth per adult[21] and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product.[22][23] It ranks highly on some international metrics, including economic competitiveness and human development. Its cities such as Zürich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in the world in terms of quality of life,[24][25] albeit with some of the highest costs of living in the world.[26] In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers.[27] The WEF ranks it the fifth most competitive country globally.[28]
Als 1848 ein politisch-administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war, verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf, eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108: "Alles, was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht, ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung." Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden.[In 1848, when a political and administrative centre was being determined for the new federation, the founders of the constitution abstained from designating a capital city for Switzerland and instead formulated in Article 108: "Everything, which relates to seat of the authorities, is the subject of the federal legislation." The federal city is therefore no more and no less than the seat of the federal authorities.]
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