Back الکل (مخدر) Persian Alkohol (droga) Serbian 乙醇 (藥物) Chinese

Alcohol (drug)

This article is about ethanol as a psychoactive or recreational substance. For the class of chemical compounds, see Alcohol (chemistry). For types and characteristics of alcoholic beverages from a cultural perspective, see Alcoholic beverage. For the substance in general, see Ethanol.

Ethanol
Skeletal formula of ethanol
Ball-and-stick model of ethanol Space-filling model of ethanol
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈɛθənɒl/
Other namesAbsolute alcohol; Alcohol (USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia); Cologne spirit; Drinking alcohol; Ethanol (JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name); Ethylic alcohol; EtOH; Ethyl alcohol; Ethyl hydrate; Ethyl hydroxide; Ethylol; Grain alcohol; Hydroxyethane; Methylcarbinol
Pregnancy
category
  • X (Contraindicated in pregnancy)
Dependence
liability		Physical: Very High Psychological: Moderate[1]
Addiction
liability		Moderate (10–15%)[2]
Routes of
administration		Common: Oral
Uncommon: suppository, inhalation, ocular, insufflation, injection[3]
Drug classAnalgesic; Anxiolytic; Depressant; Euphoriant; GABAA receptor positive modulators; Sedative
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability80%+[4][5]
Protein bindingWeakly or not at all[4][5]
MetabolismLiver (90%):[6][8]
• Alcohol dehydrogenase
• MEOS (CYP2E1)
MetabolitesAcetaldehyde; Acetic acid; Acetyl-CoA; Carbon dioxide; Ethyl glucuronide; Ethyl sulfate; Water
Onset of actionPeak concentrations:[6][4]
• Range: 30–90 minutes
• Mean: 45–60 minutes
• Fasting: 30 minutes
Elimination half-lifeConstant-rate elimination at typical concentrations:[7][8][6]
• Range: 10–34 mg/dL/hour
• Mean (men): 15 mg/dL/hour
• Mean (women): 18 mg/dL/hr
At very high concentrations (t1/2): 4.0–4.5 hours[5][4]
Duration of action6–16 hours (amount of time that levels are detectable)[9]
Excretion• Major: metabolism (into carbon dioxide and water)[4]
• Minor: urine, breath, sweat (5–10%)[6][4]
Identifiers
  • ethanol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC2H6O
Molar mass46.069 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density0.7893 g/cm3 (at 20 °C)[10]
Melting point−114.14 ± 0.03 °C (−173.45 ± 0.05 °F) [10]
Boiling point78.24 ± 0.09 °C (172.83 ± 0.16 °F) [10]
Solubility in waterMiscible mg/mL (20 °C)
  • CCO
  • InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
  • Key:LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a depressant drug found in fermented beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirit[11] -- in particular, rectified spirit.[12] Ethanol is colloquially refereed to as "alcohol" because it is the most prevalent alcohol in alcoholic beverages, but technically all alcoholic beverages contain several types of psychoactive alcohols, that are categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary; Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, secondary alcohols undergo oxidation to form ketones, while tertiary alcohols are generally resistant to oxidation;[13] Ethanol is a primary alcohol that has unpleasant actions in the body, many of which are mediated by its toxic metabolite acetaldehyde.[14] Less prevalent alcohols found in alcoholic beverages, are secondary, and tertiary alcohols. For example, the tertiary alcohol 2M2B which is up to 50 times more potent than ethanol and found in trace quantities in alcoholic beverages, has been synthesized and used as a designer drug. Alcoholic beverages are sometimes laced with toxic alcohols, such as methanol (the simplest alcohol) and isopropyl alcohol.[11] A mild, brief exposure to isopropyl alcohol (which is only moderately more toxic than ethanol) is unlikely to cause any serious harm, but many methanol poisoning incidents have occurred through history, since methanol is lethal even in small quantities, as little as 10–15 milliliters (2–3 teaspoons). Ethanol is used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity.

Ethanol is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen,[15] neurotoxin,[16][17] and birth defect agent.[18][19] The World Health Organization published a statement in The Lancet Public Health in April 2023 that "there is no safe amount that does not affect health".[20] A DrugScience 2010 study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more harmful to others than to the users themselves.[21]

Alcohol serves various purposes, for example, it is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, it is used for self-medication, and it is frequently involved in alcohol-related crimes such as drunk driving, public intoxication, and underage drinking. Some esoteric religions and schools incorporate the use of alcohol for spiritual purposes. However, alcohol has a variety of short-term and long-term adverse effects on health. Short-term effects from moderate consumption include happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, decreased social inhibition, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, while binge drinking may result in generalized impairment of neurocognitive function, dizziness, analgesia, nausea, vomiting, hangover-like symptoms, blackout, and generalized depression of central nervous system (CNS) function. In high amounts, alcohol may cause alcohol intoxication characterized by loss of consciousness or, in severe cases, death; In 2016, 3.0 million deaths was responsible for excessive alcohol use worldwide.[22] Long-term effects are considered to be a major global public health issue[23] and includes alcoholism, abuse, withdrawal, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), liver disease, hepatitis, cardiovascular disease such as cardiomyopathy, polyneuropathy, dementia, hallucinosis, brain damage, and cancers such as breast cancer. Most health risks from alcohol stem from excessive or frequent use, but some, like cancer risk, can occur even with light to moderate drinking.[24][25][26]

Alcohol works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA),[27] the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; by facilitating GABA's actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the CNS.[27] The substance also directly affects a number of other neurotransmitter systems including those of glutamate, glycine, acetylcholine, and serotonin.[28][29] The pleasurable effects of alcohol ingestion are the result of increased levels of dopamine and endogenous opioids in the reward pathways of the brain.[30][31]

  1. ^ WHO Expert Committee on Problems Related to Alcohol Consumption : second report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2007. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-4-120944-1. Retrieved 3 March 2015. ...alcohol dependence (is) a substantial risk of regular heavy drinking...
  2. ^ Vengeliene V, Bilbao A, Molander A, Spanagel R (May 2008). "Neuropharmacology of alcohol addiction". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (2): 299–315. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.30. PMC 2442440. PMID 18311194. (Compulsive alcohol use) occurs only in a limited proportion of about 10–15% of alcohol users....
  3. ^ Gilman JM, Ramchandani VA, Crouss T, Hommer DW (January 2012). "Subjective and neural responses to intravenous alcohol in young adults with light and heavy drinking patterns". Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (2): 467–77. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.206. PMC 3242308. PMID 21956438.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference AcademicPress2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference pmid3319346 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference pmid3279433 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Becker CE (September 1970). "The clinical pharmacology of alcohol". California Medicine. 113 (3): 37–45. PMC 1501558. PMID 5457514.
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Levine2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Iber FL (26 November 1990). Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice. CRC Press. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-8493-0166-7.
  10. ^ a b c Haynes WM, ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 3.246. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
  11. ^ a b Collins SE, Kirouac M (2013). "Alcohol Consumption". Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. pp. 61–65. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_626. ISBN 978-1-4419-1004-2.
  12. ^ Różański M, Pielech-Przybylska K, Balcerek M (September 2020). "Influence of Alcohol Content and Storage Conditions on the Physicochemical Stability of Spirit Drinks". Foods. 9 (9): 1264. doi:10.3390/foods9091264. PMC 7555269. PMID 32916918.
  13. ^ "17.7: Oxidation of Alcohols". Chemistry LibreTexts. 26 August 2015.
  14. ^ Burcham PC (19 November 2013). An Introduction to Toxicology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-1-4471-5553-9.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference IARC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Heaton MB, Mitchell JJ, Paiva M (April 2000). "Amelioration of ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the neonatal rat central nervous system by antioxidant therapy". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 24 (4): 512–18. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02019.x. PMID 10798588.
  17. ^ Brust JC (April 2010). "Ethanol and cognition: indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: a review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (4): 1540–57. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041540. PMC 2872345. PMID 20617045.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid34684453 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid34445488 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health". World Health Organization. 4 January 2023.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference PMID 21036393 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Park SH, Kim DJ (October 2020). "Global and regional impacts of alcohol use on public health: Emphasis on alcohol policies". Clinical and Molecular Hepatology. 26 (4): 652–661. doi:10.3350/cmh.2020.0160. PMC 7641561. PMID 33053937.
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mathurin-2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid24175760 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, et al. (February 2013). "Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis". Annals of Oncology. 24 (2): 301–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds337. PMID 22910838.
  26. ^ Yasinski E (12 January 2021). "Even If You Don't Drink Daily, Alcohol Can Mess With Your Brain". Discover.
  27. ^ a b Lobo IA, Harris RA (July 2008). "GABA(A) receptors and alcohol". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 90 (1): 90–94. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.006. PMC 2574824. PMID 18423561.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid11391069 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid24164436 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Charlet K, Beck A, Heinz A (2013). "The dopamine system in mediating alcohol effects in humans". Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 13: 461–88. doi:10.1007/7854_2011_130. ISBN 978-3-642-28719-0. PMID 21533679.
  31. ^ Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M (June 2008). "Role of mu and delta opioid receptors in alcohol drinking behaviour". Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 1 (2): 239–52. doi:10.2174/1874473710801020239. PMID 19630722.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · View on Wikipedia

Developed by Nelliwinne