Ammonia

Ammonia
Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule
Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule
Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule
Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule
Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule
Names
IUPAC name
Ammonia[1]
Systematic IUPAC name
Azane
Other names
  • Hydrogen nitride
  • R-717
  • R717 (refrigerant)
  • Amidogen
  • Hydrogen amine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
3DMet
3587154
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.760 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-635-3
79
KEGG
MeSH Ammonia
RTECS number
  • BO0875000
UNII
UN number 1005
  • InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 checkY
    Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/H3N/h1H3
    Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF
  • N
Properties
NH3
Molar mass 17.031 g·mol−1
Appearance Colourless gas
Odor Strong pungent odour
Density
  • 0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point)
  • 0.769 kg/m3 (STP)[2]
  • 0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C)
  • 0.6819 g/cm3 at −33.3 °C (liquid)[3] See also Ammonia (data page)
  • 0.817 g/cm3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)[4]
Melting point −77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K) (Triple point at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K)
Boiling point −33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K)
Critical point (T, P) 132.4 °C (405.5 K), 111.3 atm (11,280 kPa)
  • 47% w/w (0 °C)
  • 31% w/w (25 °C)
  • 18% w/w (50 °C)[5]
[clarification needed]
Solubility soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol, methanol
Vapor pressure 857.3 kPa
Acidity (pKa) 32.5 (−33 °C),[6] 9.24 (of ammonium)
Basicity (pKb) 4.75
Conjugate acid Ammonium
Conjugate base Amide
−18.0×10−6 cm3/mol
1.3327
Viscosity
  • 10.07 µPa·s (25 °C)[7]
  • 0.276 mPa·s (−40 °C)
Structure
C3v
Trigonal pyramid
1.42 D
Thermochemistry
193 J/(mol·K)[8]
−46 kJ/mol[8]
Hazards
GHS labelling:[10]
GHS04: Compressed Gas GHS05: Corrosive GHS06: Toxic GHS09: Environmental hazard
Danger
H280, H314, H331, H410
P260, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340+P311, P305+P351+P338+P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flash point 132 °C (270 °F; 405 K)
651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K)
Explosive limits 15,0–33,6%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
0.015 mL/kg (human, oral)
  • 40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min)
  • 28,595 ppm (rat, 20 min)
  • 20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min)
  • 11,590 ppm (rat, 1 hr)
  • 7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr)
  • 4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)
  • 9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr)
  • 9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr)
  • 2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
  • 4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)[9]
5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min)
5000 ppm (human, 5 min)[9]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):[11]
PEL (Permissible)
50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH- TLV; 35 ppm STEL)
REL (Recommended)
TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)
300 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0414 (anhydrous)
Related compounds
Related nitrogen hydrides
Hydrazine
Hydrazoic acid
Related compounds
Supplementary data page
Ammonia (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers.[12] Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers[13] in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.

Ammonia is common in nature, both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System. It is widely used in dilute form, but is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.[14]

The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes.[15][16] Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurised or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.[17]

Because of the chemical inertness of nitrogen gas, production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen is difficult. Biological nitrogen fixation is only performed by a few families of microorganisms, the diazotrophs. The Haber process that enabled industrial production was invented at the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionizing agriculture.

NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% of ammonia by weight at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.[18]

  1. ^ "NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  2. ^ "Gases – Densities". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  3. ^ Yost, Don M. (2007). "Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia Solutions". Systematic Inorganic Chemistry. READ BOOKS. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4067-7302-6.
  4. ^ Blum, Alexander (1975). "On crystalline character of transparent solid ammonia". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 24 (4): 277. Bibcode:1975RadEf..24..277B. doi:10.1080/00337577508240819.
  5. ^ Budavari, Susan, ed. (1996). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (12th ed.). Merck. ISBN 978-0-911910-12-4.
  6. ^ Perrin, D. D., Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution; 2nd Ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1982.
  7. ^ Iwasaki, Hiroji; Takahashi, Mitsuo (1968). "Studies on the transport properties of fluids at high pressure". The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan. 38 (1).
  8. ^ a b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
  9. ^ a b "Ammonia". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  10. ^ Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ammonia.
  11. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0028". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  12. ^ Ritchie, Hannah. "How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  13. ^ "Ammonia Technology Roadmap – Analysis".
  14. ^ "40 C.F.R.: Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities". Government Printing Office.
  15. ^ "Global ammonia annual production capacity".
  16. ^ "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries BrandVoice: Scaling Ammonia Production for the World's Food Supply". Forbes.
  17. ^ R. Norris Shreve; Joseph Brink (1977). Chemical Process Industries (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-07-057145-7. See also Gas carrier and Bottled gas.
  18. ^ "Ammonium hydroxide physical properties" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · View on Wikipedia

Developed by Nelliwinne