Back إفيدرين Arabic افدرین AZB Эфедрын Byelorussian Efedrina Catalan Efedrin Czech Effedrin Welsh Efedrin Danish Ephedrin German Εφεδρίνη Greek Efedrino Esperanto
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-Ephedrine_molecule_from_xtal_ball.png) (−)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine (top), (+)-(1S,2R)-ephedrine (center and bottom) | |
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| Pronunciation | /ɪˈfɛdrɪn/ ⓘ or /ˈɛfɪdriːn/ |
| Trade names | Akovaz, Corphedra, Emerphed, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Ephedrine: Monograph HCl: Monograph Sulfate: Monograph |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 85% |
| Metabolism | Minimal liver |
| Onset of action | IV (seconds), IM (10 min to 20 min), by mouth (15 min to 60 min)[6] |
| Elimination half-life | 3 h to 6 h |
| Duration of action | IV/IM (60 min), by mouth (2 h to 4 h) |
| Excretion | 22% to 99% (urine) |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.528 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H15NO |
| Molar mass | 165.236 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Ephedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is often used to prevent low blood pressure during anesthesia.[6] It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment.[6] It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion.[6] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, or just under the skin.[6] Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes, and by mouth can take an hour for effect.[6] When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours.[6]
Common side effects include trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, loss of appetite, and urinary retention.[6] Serious side effects include stroke and heart attack.[6] While likely safe in pregnancy, its use in this population is poorly studied.[7][8] Use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[8] Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors.[6]
Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.[9][10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] It is available as a generic medication.[6] It can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra genus.[6] Over-the-counter dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal in the United States,[6] with the exception of those used in traditional Chinese medicine, where its presence is noted by má huáng.[6]
- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "Ephedrine Hydrochloride 15mg Tablets Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". emc. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ "Ephedrine Nasal Drops 1.0% Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". emc. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ "Akovaz- ephedrine sulfate injection". DailyMed. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ "Title 21: Food And Drugs Part 341—Cold, Cough, Allergy, Bronchodilator, And Antiasthmatic Drug Products For Over-The-Counter Human Use". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Ephedrine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ^ Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 495. ISBN 9781608317080. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
- ^ a b "Ephedrine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ Soni MG, Shelke K, Amin R, Talati (2013). "A Lessons from the Use of Ephedra Products as a Dietary Supplement". In Bagchi D, Preuss HG (eds.). Obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 692. ISBN 9781439854266. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
- ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 541. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.