Pope Julius II


Julius II
Bishop of Rome
ChurchCatholic
Papacy began1 November 1503
Papacy ended21 February 1513
PredecessorPius III
SuccessorLeo X
Orders
Ordination1471
Consecration1481 (?)
by Sixtus IV
Created cardinal15 December 1471
by Sixtus IV
Personal details
Born
Giuliano della Rovere

5 December 1443
Died21 February 1513(1513-02-21) (aged 69)
Rome, Papal States
BuriedSt. Peter's Basilica, Rome
ParentsRaffaello della Rovere and Theodora Manerola
ChildrenFelice della Rovere
Previous post(s)
Coat of armsJulius II's coat of arms
Other popes named Julius

Pope Julius II (Latin: Iulius II; Italian: Giulio II; born Giuliano della Rovere; 5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513. Nicknamed the Warrior Pope, Battle Pope or the Fearsome Pope, he chose his papal name not in honour of Pope Julius I but in emulation of Julius Caesar.[1] One of the most powerful and influential popes, Julius II was a central figure of the High Renaissance and left a significant cultural and political legacy.[2] As a result of his policies during the Italian Wars, the Papal States increased their power and centralization, and the office of the papacy continued to be crucial, diplomatically and politically, during the entirety of the 16th century in Italy and Europe.

In 1506, Julius II established the Vatican Museums and initiated the rebuilding of the St. Peter's Basilica. The same year he organized the famous Swiss Guard for his personal protection and commanded a successful campaign in Romagna against local lords. The interests of Julius II lay also in the New World, as he ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas and beginning the Catholicization of Latin America. In 1508, he commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel.

Julius II was described by Machiavelli in his works as an ideal prince. Pope Julius II allowed people seeking indulgences to donate money to the Church, which would be used for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica.[3] He was fiercely satirized after his death by Erasmus of Rotterdam in Julius Excluded from Heaven, in which the drunken pope, denied entry by St Peter, justifies his worldly life and threatens to found his own paradise.[4]

  1. ^ Cunningham, Lawrence S.; Reich, John J.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2013). Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1285674780 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Blech, Benjamin; Doliner, Roy (2008). The Sistene Secrets. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 106. ISBN 978-0061469046. The term 'terrible' was first applied by Julius himself to Michaelangelo, and only later to the Pope by others: Pastor 1902, VI, pp. 214–215.
  3. ^ Indulgences, which remit the temporal effects of sins that have already been forgiven, involve the person receiving the indulgence performing a penance of some kind, such as performing a certain devotional practice or doing some sort of good work, which can take the form of donating to a charitable cause. Kent, William. "Indulgences". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 26 May 2020..
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Britannica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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