Stingless bee

Stingless bees Temporal range: Maastrichtian-Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Meliponula ferruginea
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Apidae
Clade:	Corbiculata
Tribe:	Meliponini Lepeletier, 1836
Genera
Aparatrigona Apotrigona Asperplebeia Austroplebeia Axestotrigona Camargoia Celetrigona Cephalotrigona Cleptotrigona †Cretotrigona Dactylurina Dolichotrigona Duckeola Ebaiotrigona †Exebotrigona Friesella Frieseomelitta Geniotrigona Geotrigona Heterotrigona Homotrigona Hypotrigona †Kelneriapis Lepidotrigona Lestrimelitta Leurotrigona Liotrigona †Liotrigonopsis Lisotrigona Lophotrigona Meliplebeia Melipona †Meliponorytes Meliponula Meliwillea Mourella Nannotrigona Nanoplebeia Nogueirapis Odontotrigona Oxytrigona Papuatrigona Parapartamona Paratrigona Pariotrigona Paratrigonoides Partamona Platytrigona Plebeia Plebeiella Plebeina Plectoplebeia †Proplebeia Ptilotrigona Sahulotrigona Scaptotrigona Scaura Schwarziana Sundatrigona Tetragona Tetragonilla Tetragonisca Tetragonula Tetrigona Trichotrigona Trigona Trigonisca Wallacetrigona

Stingless bees (SB), sometimes called stingless honey bees or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees (from about 462 to 552 described species),^[1][2] comprising the tribe Meliponini^[3][4] (or subtribe Meliponina according to other authors).^[5] They belong in the family Apidae (subfamily Apinae), and are closely related to common honey bees (HB, tribe Apini), orchid bees (tribe Euglossini), and bumblebees (tribe Bombini). These four bee tribes belong to the corbiculate bees monophyletic group.^[6][7] Meliponines have stingers, but they are highly reduced and cannot be used for defense, though these bees exhibit other defensive behaviors and mechanisms.^[8][9] Meliponines are not the only type of bee incapable of stinging: all male bees and many female bees of several other families, such as Andrenidae and Megachilidae (tribe Dioxyini), also cannot sting.^[10]

Some stingless bees have powerful mandibles and can inflict painful bites.^[11][12] Some species can present large mandibular glands for the secretion of caustic defense substances, secrete unpleasant smells or use sticky materials to immobilise enemies.^[13][14]

The main honey producing bees of this group generally belong to the genera Scaptotrigona, Tetragonisca, Melipona and Austroplebeia, although there are other genera containing species that produce some usable honey. They are farmed in meliponiculture in the same way that European honey bees (genus Apis) are cultivated in apiculture.

Throughout Mesoamerica, the Mayans have engaged in extensive meliponiculture on a large scale since before the arrival of Columbus. Meliponiculture played a significant role in Maya society, influencing their social, economic, and religious activities. The practice of maintaining stingless bees in man-made structures is prevalent across the Americas, with notable instances in countries such as Brazil, Peru, and Mexico.^[15][16]