Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians
Afro-Brasileiros
Afro-Brazilians (alone/one race only) in 2022
Total population
20,656,458
10.2% of the Brazilian population
(2022 Census)[1]
Regions with significant populations
   Entire country; highest percent found in Northeast and Southeast Region
Bahia Bahia2,376,441[2]
São Paulo (state) São Paulo2,244,326[3]
Rio de Janeiro (state) Rio de Janeiro1,937,291[4]
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais1,807,526[5]
Languages
Portuguese
Religion
[citation needed]

Afro-Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros; pronounced [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]) are Brazilians who have predominantly sub-Saharan African ancestry (see "preto"). Most members of another group of people, multiracial Brazilians or pardos, may also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Depending on the circumstances (situation, locality, etc.), the ones whose African features are more evident are always or frequently seen by others as "africans" - consequently identifying themselves as such, while the ones for whom this evidence is lesser may not be seen as such as regularly. It is important to note that the term pardo, such as preto, is rarely used outside the census spectrum. Brazilian society has a range of words, including negro itself, to describe multiracial people.[6][7]

Preto and pardo are among five ethnic categories used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, along with branco ("white"), amarelo ("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and indígena (Native American).[8] In 2010, 14.5 million Brazilians (approximately 8% of the Brazilian population) identified as preto, while 82 million (43% of the population) identified as pardo. Brazilians have a complex classification system based on the prominence of skin and hair pigmentation, as well as other features associated with the concept of race (raça).[9]

Since the early 21st century, Brazilian government agencies such as the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (SEPPIR) and the Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), have considered combining the categories preto and pardo (individual with varied racial ancestries) into a single category called negro (Black), because both groups show socioeconomic indications of discrimination. They suggest doing so would make it easier to help people who have been closed out of opportunity. This proposal has caused much controversy because a large portion of pardos are caboclos or mestiços, who are descendants of indigenous people, constituting the majority of the population in many parts of the country. By lumping pardos and pretos into a single category, it essentially erases Brazilian mestiços and Brazil's indigenous ancestry.[10] Nevertheless, there is no consensus about it in Brazilian society.[11][12]

Brazilians rarely use the American-style phrase "African Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity[6] and never in informal discourse: the IBGE's July 1998 PME shows that, of Black Brazilians, only about 10% identify as being of "African origin"; most identify as being of "Brazilian origin".[13] In the July 1998 PME, the categories Afro-Brasileiro (Afro-Brazilian) and Africano Brasileiro (African Brazilian) were not chosen at all; the category Africano (African) was selected by 0.004% of the respondents.[14] In the 1976 National Household Sample (PNAD), none of these terms was used even once.[15]

Brazilian geneticist Sérgio Pena has criticised American scholar Edward Telles for lumping pretos and pardos in the same category. According to him, "the autosomal genetic analysis that we have performed in non-related individuals from Rio de Janeiro shows that it does not make any sense to put pretos and pardos in the same category".[16][17] An autosomal genetic study of students in a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro found that the pardos among the students were found to be on average more than 40% European in ancestry. Before testing, the students identified (when asked) as ⅓ European, ⅓ African and ⅓ Native American.[18][19]

According to Edward Telles,[20] three different systems related to "racial classification" along the White-Black continuum are used in Brazil.[21] The first is the Census System, which distinguishes three categories: branco (White), pardo, and preto.[21] The second is the popular social system that uses many different categories, including the ambiguous term moreno (literally meaning "tanned", "brunette", or "with an olive complexion").[22] The third is the Black movement, which distinguishes only two categories, summing up pardos and pretos ("blacks", lowercase) as negros ("Blacks", with capital initial), and putting all others as "whites".[23] More recently, the term afrodescendente has been adopted for use,[24] but it is restricted to very formal discourse, such as governmental or academic discussions, being viewed by some as a cultural imposition from the "politically correct speech" associated with the United States.

  1. ^ "Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos". sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  2. ^ "IBGE | Brasil em SĂntese". Cidades.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  3. ^ "IBGE | Brasil em SĂntese". Cidades.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  4. ^ "IBGE | Brasil em SĂntese". Cidades.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  5. ^ "IBGE | Brasil em SĂntese". Cidades.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. (Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.
  7. ^ Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). "Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (8): 1466–1483. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503. S2CID 32438550. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.
  8. ^ "Censo 2010" (PDF). IGBE.
  9. ^ Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral de; Moraes, Milene Raiol de; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (16 February 2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
  10. ^ Souza, Etelvina (26 August 2023). "Dilemas de brasileiros pardos-mestiços que vivem em 'limbo racial'". Portal Em Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  11. ^ "Em Debate". Geledes.org.br. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  12. ^ Moreira Leite, Paulo (18 November 2006). "IBGE embaralha números e confunde debate sobre brancos e negros" [IBGE jumbles numbers and confuses debate about white and black people] (in Portuguese). paulomoreiraleite.com.br.[dead link]
  13. ^ Simon Schwartzman, "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil" (Quadro 6 – Cor ou raça por origem), p. 10.
  14. ^ José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada. Anexo 1. p. 43 (unavailable online)
  15. ^ Cristina Grillo, "Brasil quer ser chamado de moreno e só 39% se autodefinem como brancos", Folha de S. Paulo, 25 June 1995. (PDF) Accessed 19 September 2010.
  16. ^ Sérgio Danilo Pena, "Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional", ICH, 11 September 2009.
  17. ^ Pena, Sérgio Danilo (11 September 2009). "Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional" [From racial thought to rational thought] (PDF) (in Portuguese). laboratoriogene.com.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  18. ^ Santos, Ricardo Ventura; Fry, Peter H.; Monteiro, Simone; Maio, Marcos Chor; Rodrigues, José Carlos; Bastos-Rodrigues, Luciana; Pena, Sérgio D. J. (December 2009). "Color, Race, and Genomic Ancestry in Brazil: Dialogues between Anthropology and Genetics". Current Anthropology. 50 (6): 787–819. doi:10.1086/644532. PMID 20614657. S2CID 7497968.
  19. ^ "Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam, segundo estudo" [Blacks and pardos of Rio have more European genes than they know, according to a study] (in Portuguese). Meionews.com.br. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  20. ^ Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification". Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.
  21. ^ a b Telles, Edward Eric (2004). Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.
  22. ^ "adj. e s.m. Diz-se de, ou quem tem cabelos negros e pele um pouco escura; trigueiro. / Bras. Designação irônica ou eufemística que se dá aos pretos e mulatos. Literally, this means: "(said of) those who have black hair and a somewhat dark skin, of the colour of ripe wheat. / (in Brazil) Ironic or euphemistic designation given to blacks and Mulattoes". Dicionario do Aurelio. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.
  23. ^ Telles (2004), Race in Another America, p. 85.
  24. ^ Pena, Sérgio, and Maria Cátira Bortolini. Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas? (Can genetics define who should benefit from university quotas and affirmative action), Note 1, p. 47.

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