American Indian Wars

American Indian Wars

An 1899 chromolithograph of U.S. Cavalrymen pursuing American Indians
Date1609 – 1890
Location
United States with spillover in Alaska, Canada, and Mexico
Result
Belligerents
Amerindians:
American Indians, including the tribes: Cherokee, Creek (Muscogee),
Lakota, Miami, Shawnee, Seminole, Wampanoag, Northwestern Confederacy and Tecumseh's Confederacy
Comanche
Alaska Natives
Colonists, Viceroyalty and Europeans:
British Empire:
 Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Great Britain
British America
United Kingdom
British North America
 Dominion of Canada
First French Empire:
Kingdom of France
New France
 Spanish Empire:
Kingdom of Spain
Council of the Indies
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Dutch Empire:
New Netherland
 Russia
Russian America
 United States
 Mexico
 Republic of Texas
 Confederate States
Casualties and losses
 United States - at least 10,476 soldiers killed or died of wounds[1]

The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars,[note 1] were initially fought by European states and their colonists in North America, and later by the United States government and American settlers, against various American Indian tribes. These conflicts occurred in the United States from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the end of the 19th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for Indian tribes' lands. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.

As settlers spread westward across the United States after 1780, armed conflicts increased in size, duration, and intensity between settlers and various Indian tribes. The climax came in the War of 1812, when major Indian coalitions in the Midwestern United States and the South fought against the United States and lost. Conflict with settlers became less common and was usually resolved by treaties between the federal government and specific tribes, which often required the tribes to sell or surrender land to the United States. These treaties were frequently broken by the U.S. government.

The Indian Removal Act passed by Congress in 1830 neither authorized the unilateral abrogation of treaties guaranteeing Native American land rights within the states, nor the forced relocation of the eastern Indians.[2] Yet both occurred and on a massive scale, it forced Indian tribes to move from east of the Mississippi River to the west on the American frontier, especially to Indian Territory which became Oklahoma. As settlers expanded onto the Great Plains and the Western United States, the nomadic and semi-nomadic Indian tribes of those regions were forced to relocate to reservations.

Indian tribes and coalitions often won battles with the encroaching settlers and soldiers, but their numbers were too few and their resources too limited to win more than temporary victories and concessions from the U.S. and other countries that colonized areas that had composed the modern-day borders of the U.S. Contemporary historians, such as Jeffrey Ostler, have stated that the American Indian War would fit into the modern legal definition of genocide.[3]

  1. ^ Jeffrey A. Friedman, "Using Power Laws to Estimate Conflict Size", page 4.
  2. ^ Cave, Alfred A. (2003-12-01). "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830". The Historian. 65 (6): 1330–1353. doi:10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00055.x. ISSN 0018-2370.
  3. ^ Genocide and American Indian History; Jeffrey Ostler; University of Oregon, 2015


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