Balhae

Balhae (Parhae) / Bohai
渤海 (Korean) (Hanja)
발해 (Hangul)
Balhae
渤海 (Chinese)
Bóhǎi
698–926
The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King Seon (Xuan) of Balhae.[1][2]
The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King Seon (Xuan) of Balhae.[1][2]
CapitalDongmo Mountain
(698–742)
Central capital
(742–756)
Upper capital
(756–785)
Eastern capital
(785–793)
Upper capital
(793–926)[a]
Common languagesGoguryeo (Koreanic),
Proto-Tungusic,
Classical Chinese (literary)
Religion
Buddhism[4][5],
Shamanism[6],
Confucianism[citation needed]
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 698–719
Go (Gao) (first)
• 719–737
Mu (Wu)
• 737–793
Mun (Wen)
• 818–830
Seon (Xuan)
• 907–926
Dae Inseon (Da Yinzhuan) (last)
History 
• Dae Jung-sang begins military campaigns
696
• Establishment in Tianmenling
698
• "Balhae" as a kingdom name
713
• Fall of Sang-gyeong
14 January 926
Population
• 10th century
1.5–4 million
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Goguryeo
Mohe Peoples
Liao dynasty
Dongdan
Goryeo
Later Balhae
Jurchens
Today part ofChina
North Korea
Russia
Balhae
Korean name
Hangul발해
Hanja
Alternative Korean name
Hangul진국
Hanja震國
Chinese name
Chinese
Russian name
RussianБохай
RomanizationBohai
Manchu name
Manchu script ᡦᡠᡥᠠ‍ᡳ
RomanizationPuhai

Balhae (Korean발해; Korean pronunciation: [pa̠ɽɦɛ̝], Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: Bóhǎi, Russian: Бохай, romanizedBokhay, Manchu: ᡦᡠᡥᠠ‍ᡳ) or Jin (Korean진국; Hanja震國; Korean pronunciation: [ʤɪn]), also rendered as Bohai,[7] was a multi-ethnic kingdom established in 698 by Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (震, Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae. At its greatest extent it corresponded to what is today Northeast China, the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and the southeastern Russian Far East.[8]

Balhae's early history involved a rocky relationship with the Tang dynasty that saw military and political conflict, but by the end of the 8th century the relationship had become cordial and friendly. The Tang dynasty would eventually recognize Balhae as the "Prosperous Country of the East".[9][10][11] Numerous cultural and political exchanges were made. Balhae was conquered by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty in 926. Balhae survived as a distinct population group for another three centuries in the Liao and Jin dynasties before disappearing under Mongol rule.

The history surrounding the origin of the state, its ethnic composition, the modern cultural affiliation of the ruling dynasty, the reading of their names, and its borders are the subject of a historiographical dispute between Korea, China and Russia. Historical sources from both China and Korea have described Balhae's founder, Dae Joyeong, as related to the Mohe people and Goguryeo.

  1. ^ 동북아역사재단 편 (Northeast Asian History Foundation) (2007). 새롭게 본 발해사. 동북아역사재단. p. 62. ISBN 978-89-6187-003-0.
  2. ^ "渤海の遼東地域の領有問題をめぐって : 拂涅・越 喜・鉄利等靺鞨の故地と関連して" (PDF). Kyushu University Institutional Repository. 2003.
  3. ^ Kradin Nikolai Nikolaevich (2018). "Динамика урбанизационных процессов в средневековых государствах Дальнего Востока" [Dynamics of urbanization processes in the medieval states of the Far East]. Siberian historical research. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  4. ^ Stoyakin Maxim Aleksandrovich (2012). Культовая архитектура Бохайского времени в северной части Кореского Полуострова [Religious cult architecture of the Bohai time in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula]. BUDDHIST RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE OF PARHAE (BOHAI) LOCATED IN NORTHERN PART OF KOREAN PENINSULA (in Russian). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  5. ^ 古畑徹 (2017). 渤海国とは何か 歴史文化ライブラリー (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. ISBN 978-4642058582.
  6. ^ "Буддийская культовая архитектура бохайского времени в северной части корейского полуострова".
  7. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 18.
  8. ^ 정석배 JUNG Suk-bae (2016). "발해의 북방경계에 대한 일고찰 (Study on northern borders of Balhae)". 고구려발해연구 The Koguryo Balhae Yongu (in Korean). 54. 고구려발해학회 Association of Koguryo Balhae: 88.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference OwenMiller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ 渤海/海東の盛国 (in Japanese).
  11. ^ Lee, Ki-baik (1988). A New History of Korea. Edward W. Wagner, Edward J. Schultz. Cambridge. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-674-25526-5. OCLC 1203951892.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


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