Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

B-17 Flying Fortress
A B-17G, Sentimental Journey, performing at the 2014 Chino Airshow in Chino, California
Role	Heavy bomber Type of aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Boeing
First flight	28 July 1935[1]
Introduction	April 1938
Status	Retired; small number in service as warbirds
Primary users	United States Army Air Forces Royal Air Force
Produced	1936–1945
Number built	12,731[2][3]
Variants	Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress
Developed into	Boeing 307 Stratoliner

The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is an American four-engined heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). A fast and high-flying bomber of its era, the B-17 was used primarily in the European Theater of Operations and dropped more bombs than any other aircraft during World War II. It is the third-most produced bomber of all time, behind the American four-engined Consolidated B-24 Liberator and the German multirole, twin-engined Junkers Ju 88. It was also employed as a transport, antisubmarine aircraft, drone controller, and search-and-rescue aircraft.

In a USAAC competition, Boeing's prototype Model 299/XB-17 outperformed two other entries but crashed, losing the initial 200-bomber contract to the Douglas B-18 Bolo. Still, the Air Corps ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation, which were introduced into service in 1938. The B-17 evolved through numerous design advances^[4][5] but from its inception, the USAAC (from 1941 the United States Army Air Forces, USAAF) promoted the aircraft as a strategic weapon. It was a relatively fast, high-flying, long-range bomber with heavy defensive armament at the expense of bombload. It also developed a reputation for toughness based upon stories and photos of badly damaged B-17s safely returning to base.

The B-17 saw early action in the Pacific War, where it conducted raids against Japanese shipping and airfields.^[6] But it was primarily employed by the USAAF in the daylight component of the Allied strategic bombing campaign over Europe, complementing RAF Bomber Command's night bombers in attacking German industrial, military and civilian targets.^[7] Of the roughly 1.5 million tons of bombs dropped on Nazi Germany and its occupied territories by Allied aircraft, over 640 000 tons (42.6%) were dropped from B-17s.^[8]

As of February 2024, six aircraft remain airworthy, none of which had been flown in combat.^{[not verified in body]} Dozens more are in storage or on static display, the oldest of which is The Swoose, a B-17D which was flown in combat in the Pacific on the first day of the United States' involvement in World War II.