Creek War

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Creek War
Part of the War of 1812 and the American Indian Wars
William Weatherford surrendering to Andrew Jackson
Date July 22, 1813 – August 9, 1814 (1 year, 2 weeks and 4 days) Location American South Result United States victory Treaty of Fort Jackson Territorial changes Muscogee cede 22 million acres of land in Alabama and Georgia to the United States
Belligerents
United States Muscogee Cherokee Choctaw	Red Sticks  United Kingdom  Spain Tecumseh's confederacy
Commanders and leaders
Andrew Jackson John Floyd Ferdinand Claiborne John Coffee William McIntosh Pushmataha Mushulatubbee	William Weatherford Menawa Peter McQueen
Strength
~7,000	~4,000
Casualties and losses
~584 killed	~1,597 killed

The Creek War (also the Red Stick War; the Creek Civil War), was a regional conflict between opposing Native American factions, European powers, and the United States during the early 19th century. The Creek War began as a conflict within the tribes of the Muscogee, but the United States quickly became involved. British traders and Spanish colonial officials in Florida supplied the Red Sticks with weapons and equipment due to their shared interest in preventing the expansion of the United States into regions under their control.

The Creek War took place largely in modern-day Alabama and along the Gulf Coast. Major engagements of the war involved the United States military and the Red Sticks (or Upper Creeks), a Muscogee tribal faction who resisted U.S. colonial expansion. The United States formed an alliance with the traditional enemies of the Muscogee, the Choctaw and Cherokee Nations, as well as the Lower Creeks faction of the Muscogee. During the hostilities, the Red Sticks allied themselves to the British. A Red Stick force aided British Naval Officer Alexander Cochrane's advance towards New Orleans. The Creek War effectively ended in August 1814 with the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson, when Andrew Jackson forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama.^[1]

According to historian John K. Mahon, the Creek War "...was as much a civil war among Creeks as between red and white..."^[2] The war was also a continuation of Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest, and, although a conflict framed within the centuries-long American Indian Wars, it is usually more identified with, and considered an integral part of, the War of 1812 by historians.^{[according to whom?]}