Democratic backsliding

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Democratic backsliding^[a] is a process of regime change toward autocracy that makes the exercise of political power by the public more arbitrary and repressive.^[7][8][9] This process typically restricts the space for public contestation and political participation in the process of government selection.^[10][11] Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the peaceful transition of power or free and fair elections, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially freedom of expression.^[12][13] Democratic backsliding is the opposite of democratization.

Proposed causes of democratic backsliding include economic inequality, culturally conservative reactions to societal changes, populist or personalist politics, and external influence from great power politics. During crises, backsliding can occur when leaders impose autocratic rules during states of emergency that are either disproportionate to the severity of the crisis or remain in place after the situation has improved.^[14]

While regime change through military coups has declined since the end of the Cold War, more subtle forms of backsliding have increased. During the third wave of democratization in the late twentieth century, many new, weakly institutionalized democracies were established; these regimes have been most vulnerable to democratic backsliding.^[15][13] The third wave of autocratization has been ongoing since 2010, when the number of liberal democracies was at an all-time high.^[16][17] One quarter of the world's population lives under democratically backsliding hybrid regimes as of 2021.^[18]

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