Electrical telegraph

Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837
Morse Telegraph
Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske

Electrical telegraphs were point-to-point text messaging systems, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electrical telecommunications system and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems called telegraphs, that were devised to communicate text messages more quickly than physical transportation.[1][2] Electrical telegraphy can be considered to be the first example of electrical engineering.[3]

Text telegraphy consisted of two or more geographically separated stations, called telegraph offices. The offices were connected by wires, usually supported overhead on utility poles. Many different electrical telegraph systems were invented, but the ones that became widespread fit into two broad categories. The first category consists of needle telegraphs in which a needle pointer is made to move electromagnetically with an electric current sent down the telegraph line. Early systems used multiple needles requiring multiple wires. The first commercial system, and the most widely used needle telegraph, was the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, invented in 1837. The second category consists of armature systems in which the current activates a telegraph sounder that makes a click. The archetype of this category was the Morse system, invented by Samuel Morse in 1838. In 1865, the Morse system became the standard for international communication using a modified code developed for German railways.

Electrical telegraphs were used by the emerging railway companies to develop train control systems, minimizing the chances of trains colliding with each other.[4] This was built around the signalling block system with signal boxes along the line communicating with their neighbouring boxes by telegraphic sounding of single-stroke bells and three-position needle telegraph instruments.

In the 1840s, the electrical telegraph superseded optical telegraph systems, becoming the standard way to send urgent messages. By the latter half of the century, most developed nations had created commercial telegraph networks with local telegraph offices in most cities and towns, allowing the public to send messages called telegrams addressed to any person in the country, for a fee.

Beginning in 1850, submarine telegraph cables allowed for the first rapid communication between continents. Electrical telegraph networks permitted people and commerce to transmit messages across both continents and oceans almost instantly, with widespread social and economic impacts. c. 1894, the electric telegraph led to Guglielmo Marconi's invention of wireless telegraphy, the first means of radiowave telecommunication.[5]

In the early 20th century, manual telegraphy was slowly replaced by teleprinter networks. Increasing use of the telephone pushed telegraphy into a few specialist uses. Use by the general public was mainly special occasion telegram greetings. The rise of the Internet and usage of email in the 1990s largely put an end to dedicated telegraphy networks.

  1. ^ Wenzlhuemer, Roland (August 2007). "The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge" (PDF). History Compass. 5 (5): 1720–1742. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00461.x. ISSN 1478-0542.
  2. ^ Kieve 1973, p. 13.
  3. ^ Roberts, Steven. "Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 2. Introduction". Using these discoveries a number of inventors or rather 'adapters' appeared, taking this new knowledge, transforming it into useful ideas with commercial utility; the first of these 'products' was the use of electricity to transmit information between distant points, the electric telegraph.
  4. ^ Vanns, Michael A. (2012). Signalling in the Age of Steam. abc (2 ed.). Ian Allan. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7110-3536-2.
  5. ^ Moss, Stephen (10 July 2013), "Final telegram to be sent. STOP", The Guardian: International Edition

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