Gender pay gap

Activists demonstrate for Equal Pay Day in Frankfurt.

The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Women are generally found to be paid less than men. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. The latter typically takes into account differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education and job experience.[1] In other words, the adjusted values represent how much women and men make for the same work, while the non-adjusted values represent how much the average man and woman make in total. In the United States, for example, the non-adjusted average woman's annual salary is 79–83% of the average man's salary, compared to 95–99% for the adjusted average salary.[2][3][4]

The reasons for the gap link to legal, social and economic factors.[5] These include having children (motherhood penalty vs. fatherhood bonus), parental leave, gender discrimination and gender norms. Additionally, the consequences of the gender pay gap surpass individual grievances, leading to reduced economic output, lower pensions for women, and fewer learning opportunities.

The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective in developing countries because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age.[6][7][8]

  1. ^ "Gender Pay Gap". www.genderequality.ie. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25.
  2. ^ "2023 Gender Pay Gap Report (GPGR)". Payscale - Salary Comparison, Salary Survey, Search Wages. 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  3. ^ "Progress on the Gender Pay Gap: 2019 - Glassdoor". Glassdoor Economic Research. 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  4. ^ The Simple Truth About The Gender Wage Gap (Report). 1310 L St. NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005. Spring 2018. Archived from the original on 2017-02-24. Retrieved 19 March 2018.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Eurostat (8 March 2017). "Only 1 manager out of 3 in the EU is a woman... earning on average almost a quarter less than a man" (PDF) (Press release).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bandara was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Klasen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mandel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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