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In Islam, Allah (Arabic: ٱللَّٰه, romanized: Allāh, contraction of ٱلْإِلَٰه al-’Ilāh, lit. 'the god')[1] is seen as the creator and sustainer of the universe,[2][1][3][4][5] who lives eternally and will eventually resurrect all humans.[6] God is conceived as a perfect, singular, immortal, omnipotent, and omniscient god, completely infinite in all of his attributes.[1][3][5][7] Islam further emphasizes that God is most merciful.[8][9][10] The Islamic concept of God is variously described as monotheistic, panentheistic,[11][12] and monistic.[13]
In Islamic theology, God's transcendental nature means that he cannot be compared to any natural entity or phenomenon. Consequently, Islam completely rejects the doctrine of incarnation and the notion of a personal god as anthropomorphic, because it is seen as a form of shirk (idolatry). He is described in the Quran as follows: "[Allah is] the Creator of the heaven and the Earth. He has made for you from yourselves mates, and among the cattle mates; He multiplies you thereby. There is nothing whatever like unto Him, and He is the One that hears and sees [all things]" (42:11). Therefore, Islam strictly and categorically rejects all forms of anthropomorphism and anthropopathism of the concept of God.[14][15][16][17]
The Islamic concept of tawhid (oneness) emphasises that God is absolutely pure and free from association with other beings, which means attributing the powers and qualities of Allah to his creation, and vice versa. In Islam, God is never portrayed in any image. The Quran specifically forbids ascribing partners to share his singular sovereignty, as he is considered to be the absolute one without a second, indivisible, and incomparable being, who is similar to nothing, and nothing is comparable to him. Thus, God is absolutely transcendent, unique and utterly other than anything in or of the world as to be beyond all forms of human thought and expression.[18][19] The briefest and the most comprehensive description of Allah in the Quran is found in Surat al-Ikhlas.[20]
According to mainstream Muslim theologians, God is described as Qadim[18][21] ("ancient"), having no first, without beginning or end; absolute, not limited by time or place or circumstance, nor is subject to any decree so as to be determined by any precise limits or set times, but is the First and the Last. He is not a formed body, nor a substance circumscribed with limits or determined by measure; neither does he resemble bodies as they are capable of being measured or divided. Neither do substances exist in him; neither is he an accident, nor do accidents exist in him. Neither is he like to anything that exists, nor is anything like to him; nor is he determinate in quantity, nor comprehended by bounds, nor circumscribed by differences of situation, nor contained in the heavens, and transcends spatial and temporal bounds, and remains beyond the bounds of human comprehension and perceptions.[22][23][20]
- ^ a b c Gardet, Louis (1960). "Allāh". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0047. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
- ^ Surah Al-Anbiya 21:30
- ^ a b Böwering, Gerhard (2006). "God and his Attributes". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. II. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
- ^ • Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–43. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. - ^ a b Esposito, John L. (2016) [1988]. Islam: The Straight Path (Updated 5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 22, 88. ISBN 9780190632151. S2CID 153364691.
- ^ Surah Al-Ankabut 29:19-20
- ^ Department of Philosophy, Ogun State University; Department of Philosophy, Olabisi Onabanjo University (2001). Journal of Philosophy and Development. Vol. 7. Department of Philosophy, Ogun State University. p. 132.
- ^ Ibn 'Arabi (2015). The Secrets of Voyaging. Translated by Angela Jaffray. Anqa Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 9781905937431.
- ^ Stefon, Matt; Mamun, Mudasser; Duignan, Brian; Tesch, Noah; Afsaruddin, Asma; Zeidan, Adam (2022-08-26). "Allah". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
- ^ Simon Ockley (1757). The History of the Saracens. p. xlix (49).
- ^ "Tawhid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
EoIwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ahmadi, Fereshteh, and Nader Ahmadi. Iranian Islam: The concept of the individual. Springer, 1998.
- ^ "Does God have a shape?". www.dar-alifta.org. Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya (Egyptian Institute of Fatwas). Archived from the original on 29 June 2021.
- ^ Zulfiqar Ali Shah (2012). Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). pp. 48–56. ISBN 9781565645837.
- ^ Zafar Isha Ansari; Isma'il Ibrahim Nawwab, eds. (2016). The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture: The Foundations of Islam. Vol. 1. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 86–87. ISBN 9789231042584.
- ^ Ali Ünal. "The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English [Qur'an 112:4]". mquran.org. Tughra Books. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021.
- ^ a b Abu Amina Elias (Justin Parrott) (18 December 2010). "Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah in English and Arabic". www.abuaminaelias.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021.
- ^ Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori. "The Creed of Imam Tahawi" (PDF). Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK.
- ^ a b Cenap Çakmak, ed. (2017). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9781610692175.
- ^ Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori. "The Creed of Imam Tahawi" (PDF). Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK. p. 15.
- ^ Patrick Hughes; Thomas Patrick Hughes (1995). Dictionary of Islam. Asian Educational Services. pp. 144–146. ISBN 9788120606722.
- ^ Reza Aslan (153). No god but God (Updated Edition): The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780679643777.