Back إي غه فاربن Arabic Фарбен Bulgarian IG Farben Catalan IG Farben Czech I.G. Farben Danish I.G. Farben German IG Farben Greek IG Farben Esperanto IG Farben Spanish IG Farben Basque
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 IG Farben Building, Frankfurt, completed in 1931 and seized by the Allies in 1945 as the headquarters of the Supreme Allied Command. In 2001 it became part of the University of Frankfurt. | |
| Company type | Aktiengesellschaft |
|---|---|
| Industry | Chemicals |
| Predecessors | |
| Founded | 2 December 1925 |
| Founders | |
| Defunct | 1952 (liquidation started) 31 October 2012 (liquidation accomplished) |
| Fate | Liquidated |
| Successors | |
| Headquarters | Frankfurt, Germany |
Number of employees | 330,000 in 1943, including slave labour[1] |
I. G. Farbenindustrie AG ("dye industry syndicate"), commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. It was formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies: Agfa, BASF, Bayer, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, Hoechst, and Weiler-ter-Meer.[2] It was seized by the Allies after World War II and split into its constituent companies; parts in East Germany were nationalized.[a]
IG Farben was once the largest company in Europe and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world.[4] IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937,[5] and three company scientists became Nobel laureates: Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in 1931 "for their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods",[6] and Gerhard Domagk in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil".[7]
In the 1920s, the company had ties to the liberal German People's Party and was accused by the Nazis of being an "international capitalist Jewish company".[8] A decade later, it was a Nazi Party donor and, after the Nazi takeover of Germany in 1933, a major government contractor, providing significant material for the German war effort. Throughout that decade it purged itself of its Jewish employees; the remainder left in 1938.[9] Described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the Third Reich",[10] in the 1940s the company relied on slave labour from concentration camps, including 30,000 from Auschwitz,[11] and was involved in medical experiments on inmates at both Auschwitz and Mauthausen.[12][13] One of its subsidiaries supplied the poison gas Zyklon B, which killed over one million people in gas chambers during the Holocaust.[b][15]
The Allies seized the company at the end of the war in 1945[a] and the US authorities put its directors on trial. Held from 1947 to 1948 as one of the subsequent Nuremberg trials, the IG Farben trial saw 23 IG Farben directors tried for war crimes and 13 convicted.[16] However, by 1951 all of them were released from prison early after the U.S. military instituted good time credits in its war crime program.[17][18] What remained of IG Farben in the West was split in 1951 into its six constituent companies, then again into three: BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst.[a] These companies continued to operate as an informal cartel and played a major role in the West German Wirtschaftswunder. Following several later mergers the main successor companies are Agfa, BASF, Bayer and Sanofi. In 2004, the University of Frankfurt, housed in the former IG Farben head office, set up a permanent exhibition on campus, the Norbert Wollheim memorial, for the slave labourers and those killed by Zyklon B.[19]
- ^ Hayes 2001, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Tammen 1978 195was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hayes 2001, p. xxii.
- ^ Hager 2006, p. 74.
- ^ Nicholson 2006, p. 61.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
BoschBergiusNobelwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
DomagkNobelwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bäumler 1988, p. 277ff.
- ^ Hayes 2001, p. 196.
- ^ Spicka 2018, p. 233.
- ^ Hayes 2001, pp. xxi–xxii; Dickerman 2017, p. 440
- ^ Lifton & Hackett 1998, p. 310.
- ^ "Other doctor-perpetrators". Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.
- ^ Hayes 2001, p. 361.
- ^ Bartrop 2017, pp. 742–743; Neumann 2012, p. 115.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
UNWarCrimeswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Schwartz 2001, p. 439; Finder, Joseph (12 April 1992). "Ultimate Insider, Ultimate Outsider". The New York Times.
- ^ Heller, Kevin Jon (11 October 2012). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-165286-8.
- ^ "Norbert Wollheim Memorial". Goethe Universität Frankfurt. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018.
"IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart" (in German). Fritz Bauer Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007.
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