Kingdom of Jerusalem

Kingdom of Jerusalem
1099–1187
1192–1291
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the Near East in 1135.
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the Near East in 1135.
Capital
  • Jerusalem (1099–1187, 1229–1244)
  • Tyre (1187–1191)
  • Acre (1191–1229, 1244–1291)
Official languagesLatin
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentFeudal monarchy
King of Jerusalem 
• 1099–1100 (first)
Godfrey of Bouillon
• 1285–1291 (last)
Henry II
LegislatureHaute Cour
Historical eraHigh Middle Ages
1096–1099
15 July 1099
2 October 1187
1189–1192
1228–1229
1239–1241
15 July 1244
18 May 1291
Population
• 1131[2]
250,000
• 1180[3]
480,000–650,000[1]
CurrencyBezant
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Jund Filastin
Jund al-Urdunn
Ayyubid dynasty

The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Latin Kingdom, was a Crusader state that was established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade. It lasted for almost two hundred years, from the accession of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 until the fall of Acre in 1291. Its history is divided into two periods with a brief interruption in its existence, beginning with its collapse after the siege of Jerusalem in 1187 and its restoration after the Third Crusade in 1192.

The original Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted from 1099 to 1187 before being almost entirely overrun by the Ayyubid Sultanate under Saladin. Following the Third Crusade, it was re-established in Acre in 1192. The re-established state is commonly known as the "Second Kingdom of Jerusalem" or alternatively as the "Kingdom of Acre" after its new capital city. Acre remained the capital for the rest of its existence excluding the two decades that followed the Crusaders' establishment of partial control over Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade, through the diplomacy of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen vis-à-vis the Ayyubids.

The vast majority of the Crusaders who established and settled the Kingdom of Jerusalem were from the Kingdom of France, as were the knights and soldiers who made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred-year span of its existence; its rulers and elite were therefore predominantly French.[4] French Crusaders also brought their language to the Levant, thus establishing Old French as the lingua franca of the Crusader states, in which Latin served as the official language. While the majority of the population in the countryside comprised Christians and Muslims from local Levantine ethnicities, many Europeans (primarily French and Italian) also arrived to settle in villages across the region.

  1. ^ including 120,000–140,000 Franks
  2. ^ Frank McLynn, Richard and John: Kings at War chapter 5, page 118.
  3. ^ William Harris, "Lebanon: A History, 600 - 2011," Oxford University Press, p. 51
  4. ^ Arteaga, Deborah L. (2 November 2012). Research on Old French: The State of the Art. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. ISBN 9789400747685.

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