Kingdom of Tungning

Kingdom of Tungning
東寧國[a]
Tang-lêng Kok (Hokkien)
Tûng-nèn Koet (Hakka)
1661–1683
Flag of Tungning
Flag
Symbol of Tungning
Symbol
  Location of the Kingdom of Tungning, and   settlements
Location of the Kingdom of Tungning, and settlements
The territories ever controlled by the maritime force of the Zheng dynasty depicting in red, its historical sphere of influence shown in peach
The territories ever controlled by the maritime force of the Zheng dynasty depicting in red, its historical sphere of influence shown in peach
StatusA princedom (郡王國) owing allegiance to the Southern Ming
CapitalAnping (present-day Tainan)
Common languagesHokkien, Hakka, Siraya language
GovernmentMonarchy
Prince of Yanping 
• 1661–1662
Zheng Chenggong
• 1662–1681
Zheng Jing
• 1681–1683
Zheng Keshuang
History 
14 June 1661
5 September 1683
Population
• 1664
140,000
• 1683
200,000
CurrencySilver tael (Spanish dollar) and copper cash coin
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Dutch Formosa
Southern Ming
Taiwan under Qing rule
Today part ofRepublic of China (Taiwan)
Tungning
Traditional Chinese東寧
Simplified Chinese东宁
Literal meaningEastern Pacification
Zheng dynasty
Traditional Chinese鄭氏王朝
Simplified Chinese郑氏王朝
Zheng period of the Ming dynasty
Traditional Chinese明鄭時期
Simplified Chinese明郑时期

The Kingdom of Tungning[a], also known as Tywan by the British at the time, was a dynastic maritime state that ruled part of southwestern Taiwan and the Penghu islands between 1661 and 1683. It is the first predominantly ethnic Han state in Taiwanese history. At its zenith, the kingdom's maritime power dominated varying extents of coastal regions of southeastern China and controlled the major sea lanes across both China Seas, and its vast trade network stretched from Japan to Southeast Asia.

The kingdom was founded by Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) after seizing control of Taiwan from Dutch rule. Zheng hoped to restore the Ming dynasty in Mainland China, when the Ming remnants' rump state in southern China was progressively conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The Zheng dynasty used the island of Taiwan as a military base for their Ming loyalist movement which aimed to reclaim mainland China from the Qing. Under Zheng rule, Taiwan underwent a process of sinicization in an effort to consolidate the last stronghold of Han Chinese resistance against the invading Manchus. Until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683, the kingdom was ruled by Koxinga's heirs, the House of Koxinga, and the period of rule is sometimes referred to as the Koxinga dynasty or the Zheng dynasty.[4][5][6]


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  1. ^ 《東山國語》Dongshan Guoyu by Zha Jizuo:「會延平王成功薨,長子經嗣立,臺灣初稱東都,改明京以候桂王之蹕。已不克至,乃改東寧國,複築奉天城於對渡以居官。」
  2. ^ 《澎湖台灣紀略》"Chronicle of Penghu-Taiwan" edited after 1687 by Lín qiān-guāng (林謙光):「海逆鄭成功之敗遁於京口也,乘大霧,襲殺紅夷守者,而據其地。築城以守,偽號東寧國。」
  3. ^ "Biography of Zheng Chenggong", Vol.11, Draft History of Qing by Zhao Erxun:「錦(鄭經)與永華及洪旭引餘眾,載其孥盡入台灣。改東都為東寧國,置天興、萬年二州,仍以永華綜國政。」
  4. ^ "Historical and Legal Aspects of the International Status of Taiwan (Formosa)" by Ng Yuzin Chiautong, published on August 28, 1971, WUFI
  5. ^ Hang, Xing (2016). "Contradictory Contingencies: The Seventeenth-Century Zheng Family and Contested Cross-Strait Legacies". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 23: 173–182. JSTOR 44289147. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Despite vast political differences, scholars in mainland China and Taiwan position the two men (Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing) along a continuum ranging from loyalists of the ethnically Han Ming dynasty (1368–1662) determined to recover the mainland from the Manchu Qing (1644–1911) to founders of an independent maritime state.
  6. ^ Kerr, George H. (11 April 1945). "Formosa: Island Frontier". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (7): 80–85. doi:10.2307/3023088. JSTOR 3023088.

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