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Korea 한국 (South Korean) 조선 (North Korean) | |
|---|---|
   | |
Anthem:
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.svg) Korea shown in dark green | |
| Capital | |
| Largest city | Seoul |
| Official languages | Korean |
| Official script |
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| Demonym(s) | Korean |
| Government | In dispute between South Korea and North Korea |
| Yoon Suk Yeol | |
| Kim Jong Un[a] | |
| Han Duck-soo | |
| Kim Tok Hun | |
| Legislature | |
| Establishment | |
• Gojoseon | 2333 BCE (mythological) |
| 194 BCE | |
| 57 BCE | |
| 668 | |
| 918 | |
| 17 July 1392 | |
| 12 October 1897 | |
| 29 August 1910 | |
| 1 March 1919 | |
• Establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea | 11 April 1919 |
| 2 September 1945 | |
• Establishment of the Republic of Korea | 15 August 1948 |
• Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 9 September 1948 |
| 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 | |
• Both Koreas admitted to the UN | 17 September 1991 |
| Area | |
• Total | 223,172 km2 (86,167 sq mi)[1][2] |
| Population | |
• 2017 estimate | 77,000,000 |
• Density | 349.06/km2 (904.1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09 (Korea Standard Time and Pyongyang Time) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code |
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| Internet TLD | |
Korea (Korean: 한국, romanized: Hanguk in South Korea or 조선, Chosŏn in North Korea) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, now known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone. In 1948, two states declared independence, both claiming sovereignty over all of Korea: South Korea (Republic of Korea) comprising its southern half and North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half. The region consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and minor islands near the peninsula. The peninsula is bordered by China to the north and Russia to the northeast, across the Amnok and Duman rivers. It is separated from Japan to the southeast by the Korea Strait.
Radiocarbon dates for Paleolithic sites found in Korea indicate human presence back to about 40,000 BC.[3] The first state to emerge was Gojoseon, which fell to the Han Dynasty in 108 BC. During the first half of the 1st millennium, Korea was divided between three states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the late 7th century, Silla conquered Baekje and Goguryeo with the aid of the Tang Dynasty, and drove the Tang out of Korea during the Silla-Tang War. Meanwhile, Balhae, formed by Goguryeo remnants and Mohe people, succeeded Goguryeo in the north. Unified Silla collapsed into three states due to civil war, known as the Later Three Kingdoms. Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo, and achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also succeeded in unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo when the last crown prince of Balhae and much of its ruling class fled to Goryeo after Balhae's fall.[4] Goryeo whose name developed into the modern exonym "Korea", was highly cultured and created the world's first metal movable type in 1234.[5][6][7][8][9][10] During the 13th century, the Mongol Empire made Goryeo its vassal state. Although Goryeo overthrew Mongol rule, it fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon in 1392. The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by peace, the Korean alphabet was created and Confucianism became influential. However, this ended with Japanese and Qing invasions, which brought devastation to Joseon and led to Korean isolationism. After the invasions, Joseon experienced another nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. In the final years of the 19th century, Joseon experienced turmoil such as the Gapsin Coup, Donghak Peasant Revolution, and the assassination of Empress Myeongseong. In 1897, the Korean Empire was established to protect Korean independence. However, following Japan's victories in the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, Japan annexed it altogether in 1910.
In 1945, Japan relinquished control after World War II. The Soviet Union and United States agreed to temporarily occupy Korea to disarm Japanese forces, with the 38th parallel serving as the dividing line. The US took control of the southern half, while the Soviet Union took the northern. This division was meant to be temporary, with plans for Korea to be reunited under a single government. Tensions between the two Koreas resulted in North Korea invading South Korea and the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. With involvement of foreign troops, the war ended in stalemate in 1953, but without a peace treaty. A demilitarized zone was created between the countries approximating the original partition.
This status contributes to the high tensions that divide the peninsula, and both states claim to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. South Korea is a regional power and a developed country, with its economy ranked as the world's fourteenth-largest by GDP (PPP). Its armed forces are one of the world's strongest militaries, with the world's second-largest standing army by military and paramilitary personnel. South Korea has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly in music (K-pop) and cinema, a phenomenon referred to as the Korean Wave. North Korea follows Songun, a "military first" policy which prioritizes the Korean People's Army in state affairs and resources. It possesses nuclear weapons, and is the country with the highest number of military personnel, with a total of 7.8 million active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel, or approximately 30% of its population. Its active duty army of 1.3 million soldiers is the fourth-largest in the world, consisting of 4.9% of its population. North Korea is widely considered to have the worst human rights record in the world.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Castello-Cortes 1996, p. 498, South Korea.
- ^ Castello-Cortes 1996, p. 413, North Korea.
- ^ Bae, Kidong. 2002 Radiocarbon Dates from Palaeolithic Sites in Korea. Radiocarbon 44(2): 473–476.
- ^ "발해 유민 포섭". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "Korean Metal Movable Type". World Treasures: Beginnings. Library of Congress. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Korean Classics". Library of Congress Asian Collections: 2007 Illustrated Guide. Library of Congress. 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Gutenberg Bible". British Library. The British Library Board. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Korea, 1000–1400 A.D. | Chronology | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Movable type". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (1 January 2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1285528670.