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The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components:
- a cosmological constant denoted by lambda (Λ) associated with dark energy
- the postulated cold dark matter denoted by CDM
- ordinary matter
It is referred to as the standard model of Big Bang cosmology[1] because it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of:
- the existence and structure of the cosmic microwave background
- the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies
- the observed abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and lithium
- the accelerating expansion of the universe observed in the light from distant galaxies and supernovae
The model assumes that general relativity is the correct theory of gravity on cosmological scales. It emerged in the late 1990s as a concordance cosmology, after a period of time when disparate observed properties of the universe appeared mutually inconsistent, and there was no consensus on the makeup of the energy density of the universe.
The ΛCDM model can be extended by adding cosmological inflation, quintessence, and other areas of speculation and research in cosmology.
Some alternative models challenge the assumptions of the ΛCDM model. Examples of these are modified Newtonian dynamics, entropic gravity, modified gravity, theories of large-scale variations in the matter density of the universe, bimetric gravity, scale invariance of empty space, and decaying dark matter (DDM).[2][3][4][5][6]
- ^ Deruelle, Nathalie; Uzan, Jean-Philippe (2018-08-30). de Forcrand-Millard, Patricia (ed.). Relativity in Modern Physics (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198786399.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-878639-9.
- ^ Maeder, Andre (2017). "An Alternative to the ΛCDM Model: The Case of Scale Invariance". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 194. arXiv:1701.03964. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..194M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/194. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119513478.
- ^ Brouer, Margot (2017). "First test of Verlinde's theory of emergent gravity using weak gravitational lensing measurements". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 466 (3): 2547–2559. arXiv:1612.03034. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.466.2547B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3192. S2CID 18916375.
- ^ P. Kroupa, B. Famaey, K.S. de Boer, J. Dabringhausen, M. Pawlowski, C.M. Boily, H. Jerjen, D. Forbes, G. Hensler, M. Metz, "Local-Group tests of dark-matter concordance cosmology. Towards a new paradigm for structure formation" A&A 523, 32 (2010).
- ^ Petit, J. P.; D'Agostini, G. (2018-07-01). "Constraints on Janus Cosmological model from recent observations of supernovae type Ia". Astrophysics and Space Science. 363 (7): 139. Bibcode:2018Ap&SS.363..139D. doi:10.1007/s10509-018-3365-3. ISSN 1572-946X. S2CID 125167116.
- ^ Pandey, Kanhaiya L.; Karwal, Tanvi; Das, Subinoy (2019-10-21). "Alleviating the H0 and S8 Anomalies With a Decaying Dark Matter Model". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. arXiv:1902.10636. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/07/026. S2CID 119234939.