Literacy

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Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing"^[1] with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use.^[2] In other words, humans in literate societies have sets of practices for producing and consuming writing, and they also have beliefs about these practices.^[3] Reading, in this view, is always reading something for some purpose; writing is always writing something for someone for some purpose.^[4] Beliefs about reading and writing and their value for society and for the individual always influence the ways literacy is taught, learned, and practiced.^[5]

H.S. Bhola described Sarah Gudschinsky's definition of literacy as "essential": "A person is literate who can 'read and understand everything he would have understood if had been spoken to him; and can write, so that it can be read, anything he can say'."^[6] This definition focuses on comprehension and was created thinking of mother "tongue literacy" and does not include reciting passages in another language that the person does not understand.

Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (word and letter recognition); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural aspects of reading and writing^[7] and functional literacy.^[8][9]