Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren
Van Buren in 1855
8th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
Vice President	Richard Mentor Johnson
Preceded by	Andrew Jackson
Succeeded by	William Henry Harrison
8th Vice President of the United States
In office March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
President	Andrew Jackson
Preceded by	John C. Calhoun
Succeeded by	Richard Mentor Johnson
United States Minister to the United Kingdom
In office August 8, 1831 – April 4, 1832
President	Andrew Jackson
Preceded by	Louis McLane
Succeeded by	Aaron Vail (acting)
10th United States Secretary of State
In office March 28, 1829 – May 23, 1831
President	Andrew Jackson
Preceded by	Henry Clay
Succeeded by	Edward Livingston
9th Governor of New York
In office January 1, 1829 – March 12, 1829
Lieutenant	Enos T. Throop
Preceded by	Nathaniel Pitcher
Succeeded by	Enos T. Throop
United States Senator from New York
In office March 4, 1821 – December 20, 1828
Preceded by	Nathan Sanford
Succeeded by	Charles E. Dudley
14th Attorney General of New York
In office February 17, 1815 – July 8, 1819
Governor	Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler (acting) DeWitt Clinton
Preceded by	Abraham Van Vechten
Succeeded by	Thomas J. Oakley
Member of the New York Senate from the Middle district
In office July 1, 1813 – June 30, 1820 Serving with various (multimember district)
Preceded by	Edward Philip Livingston
Succeeded by	William C. Bouck John I. Miller Tilly Lynde
Surrogate of Columbia County, New York
In office 1808–1813
Preceded by	James I. Van Alen
Succeeded by	James Vanderpoel
Personal details
Born	Maarten van Buren (1782-12-05)December 5, 1782 Kinderhook, New York, U.S.
Died	July 24, 1862(1862-07-24) (aged 79) Kinderhook, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Kinderhook Reformed Church Cemetery
Political party	Democratic-Republican (1799–1825) Democratic (1825–1848, from 1852) Free Soil (1848–1852)
Height	5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[1]
Spouse	Hannah Hoes ​ ​ (m. 1807; died 1819)​
Children	5, including Abraham II and John
Parent	Abraham Van Buren (father)
Relatives	Van Buren family
Occupation	Politician lawyer
Signature
Nicknames	Little Van Old Kinderhook The Little Magician The Red Fox of Kinderhook[2] Martin van Ruin[3] The Mistletoe Politician[4][a]

Martin Van Buren (/væn ˈbjʊərən/ van BURE-ən; Dutch: Maarten van Buren [ˈmaːrtə(n) vɑm ˈbyːrə(n)] ^ⓘ; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American lawyer, diplomat, and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the Democratic Party, he served as New York's attorney general and U.S. senator, then briefly as the ninth governor of New York before joining Andrew Jackson's administration as the tenth United States secretary of state, minister to Great Britain, and ultimately the eighth vice president when named Jackson's running mate for the 1832 election. Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 against divided Whig opponents. Van Buren lost re-election in 1840, and failed to win the Democratic nomination in 1844. Later in his life, Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an important anti-slavery leader who led the Free Soil Party ticket in the 1848 presidential election.

Van Buren was born in Kinderhook, New York, where most residents were of Dutch descent and spoke Dutch as their primary language; he is the only president to have spoken English as a second language. Trained as a lawyer, he entered politics as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, won a seat in the New York State Senate, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1821. As the leader of the Bucktails faction, Van Buren emerged as the most influential politician from New York in the 1820s and established a political machine known as the Albany Regency. He ran successfully for governor of New York to support Andrew Jackson's candidacy in the 1828 presidential election but resigned shortly after Jackson was inaugurated so he could accept appointment as Jackson's secretary of state. In the cabinet, Van Buren was a key Jackson advisor and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party. He ultimately resigned to help resolve the Petticoat affair and briefly served as ambassador to Great Britain. At Jackson's behest, the 1832 Democratic National Convention nominated Van Buren for vice president, and he took office after the Democratic ticket won the 1832 presidential election.

With Jackson's strong support and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party, Van Buren successfully ran for president in the 1836 presidential election. However, his popularity soon eroded because of his response to the Panic of 1837, which centered on his Independent Treasury system, a plan under which the federal government of the United States would store its funds in vaults rather than in banks; more conservative Democrats and Whigs in Congress ultimately delayed his plan from being implemented until 1840. His presidency was further marred by the costly Second Seminole War and his refusal to admit Texas to the Union as a slave state. In 1840, Van Buren lost his re-election bid to William Henry Harrison. While Van Buren is praised for anti-slavery stances, in historical rankings, historians and political scientists often rank Van Buren as an average or below-average U.S. president, due to his handling of the Panic of 1837.

Van Buren was initially the leading candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination again in 1844, but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas angered Southern Democrats, leading to the nomination of James K. Polk. Growing opposed to slavery, Van Buren was the newly formed Free Soil Party's presidential nominee in 1848, and his candidacy helped Whig nominee Zachary Taylor defeat Democrat Lewis Cass. Worried about sectional tensions, Van Buren returned to the Democratic Party after 1848 but was disappointed with the pro-southern presidencies of Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan. During the American Civil War, Van Buren was a War Democrat who supported the policies of President Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. He died of asthma at his home in Kinderhook in 1862, aged 79.

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