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The Nordic model comprises the economic and social policies as well as typical cultural practices common in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden).[1] This includes a comprehensive welfare state and multi-level collective bargaining[2] based on the economic foundations of social corporatism,[3][4] and a commitment to private ownership within a market-based mixed economy[5] – with Norway being a partial exception due to a large number of state-owned enterprises and state ownership in publicly listed firms.[6]
Although there are significant differences among the Nordic countries,[7] they all have some common traits. The three Scandinavian countries are constitutional monarchies, while Finland and Iceland have been republics since the 20th century. All the Nordic countries are however described as being highly democratic and all have a unicameral legislature and use proportional representation in their electoral systems. They all support a universalist welfare state aimed specifically at enhancing individual autonomy and promoting social mobility, with a sizable percentage of the population employed by the public sector (roughly 30% of the work force in areas such as healthcare, education, and government),[8] and a corporatist system with a high percentage of the workforce unionized and involving a tripartite arrangement, where representatives of labour and employers negotiate wages and labour market policy is mediated by the government.[9] As of 2020, all of the Nordic countries rank highly on the inequality-adjusted HDI and the Global Peace Index as well as being ranked in the top 10 on the World Happiness Report.[10]
The Nordic model was originally developed in the 1930s under the leadership of social democrats,[11] although centrist and right-wing political parties, as well as labour unions, also contributed to the Nordic model's development.[12] The Nordic model began to gain attention after World War II[13] and has transformed in some ways over the last few decades, including increased deregulation and expanding privatization of public services.[14][11] However, it is still distinguished from other models by the strong emphasis on public services and social investment.[14]
- ^ Simon, Carsta (20 December 2017). "Why Norwegians Don't Have Their Pigs in the Forest: Enlightening the Nordic Art of 'Co-operation'". Behavior and Social Issues. 26: 172. doi:10.5210/bsi.v26i0.7317. hdl:10642/5688. ISSN 1064-9506.
- ^ Kjellberg, Anders (2019). "Sweden: Collective Bargaining Under the Industry Norm" Archived 25 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. In Müller, Torsten; Vandaele, Kurt; Waddington, Jeremy, eds. (2019). Collective Bargaining in Europe: Towards an Endgame. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute. III. pp. 583–604. ISBN 978-2874525148.
- ^ Rosser, J. Barkley; Rosser, Marina V. (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0262182348.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Sandbu, Martin (28 August 2018). "What the Nordic mixed economy can teach today's new left". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ "Norway: The rich cousin". The Economist. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ Lane, Kenworthy (2013). Social Democratic America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0199322527. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "The Nordic countries: The next supermodel". The Economist. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ Hicks, Alexander (2000). Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Politics. Cornell University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0801485565.
By the late 1950s, labor had been incorporated alongside Swedish business in fully elaborated corporatist institutions of collective bargaining and policy making, public as well as private, supply-side (as for labour training) as well as demand side (e.g., Keynesian). During the 1950s and 1960s, similar neocorpratist institutions developed in Denmark and Norway, in Austria and the Netherlands, and somewhat later, in Belgium and Finland.
- ^ Helliwell, John; et al. (20 March 2020). "World Happiness Report 2020". United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b Liukas, Christa (1 November 2019). "The Nordic brand replaced the welfare state – did politics disappear from the Nordic model?". University of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:3was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Petersen, Klaus (March 2009). "Constructing Nordic Welfare? Nordic Social Political Cooperation" (PDF). In Christiansen, Niels Finn; Edling, Nils; Haave, Per; Petersen, Klaus (eds.). The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal. Copenaghen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 67–96. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2020 – via Helsinki University.
- ^ a b Kautto, Mikko; Kuitto, Kati (2021). Béland, Daniel; Leibfried, Stephan; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Obinger, Herbert (eds.). The Nordic Countries. Oxford University Press. pp. 802–825. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.46. ISBN 978-0198828389. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
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