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The profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration. This is typically below the thermocline, the vertical zone in the water through which temperature drops rapidly. The temperature difference may be large enough to hamper mixing with the littoral zone in some seasons which causes a decrease in oxygen concentrations.[1] The profundal is often defined, as the deepest, vegetation-free, and muddy zone of the lacustrine benthal.[2] The profundal zone is often part of the aphotic zone. Sediment in the profundal zone primarily comprises silt and mud.[1]
- ^ a b Dodds, Walter K. (Walter Kennedy), 1958- (15 February 2019). Freshwater ecology : concepts and environmental applications of limnology. Whiles, Matt R. (Third ed.). London, United Kingdom. ISBN 9780128132555. OCLC 1096190142.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Thienemann, August (1925). Die Binnengewässer Mitteleuropas. eine limnologiche Einführung [The Inland Waters of Central Europe: a Limnological Introduction]. Die Binnengewässer (in German). Vol. 1. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchandlung. OCLC 859570299.