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| Prometheus | |
|---|---|
God of forethought, fire, and crafty counsel | |
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| Abode | Mount Olympus |
| Personal information | |
| Parents | Iapetus and Asia or Clymene or Eurymedon and Hera |
| Siblings | Atlas, Epimetheus, Menoetius, Anchiale |
| Children | Deucalion |
| Part of a series on |
| Ancient Greek religion |
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In Greek mythology, Prometheus (/prəˈmiːθiəs/; Ancient Greek: Προμηθεύς, [promɛːtʰéu̯s], possibly meaning "forethought")[1] is one of the Titans and a god of fire.[2] Prometheus is best known for defying the Olympian gods by stealing fire from them and giving it to humanity in the form of technology, knowledge, and more generally, civilization.
In some versions of the myth, he is also credited with the creation of humanity from clay.[3] Prometheus is known for his intelligence and for being a champion of humankind,[4] and is also generally seen as the author of the human arts and sciences.[5] He is sometimes presented as the father of Deucalion, the hero of the flood story.[6][7][8]
The punishment of Prometheus for stealing fire from Olympus and giving it to humans is a subject of both ancient and modern culture. Zeus, king of the Olympian gods, condemned Prometheus to eternal torment for his transgression. Prometheus was bound to a rock, and an eagle—the emblem of Zeus—was sent to eat his liver (in ancient Greece, the liver was thought to be the seat of human emotions). His liver would then grow back overnight, only to be eaten again the next day in an ongoing cycle. According to several major versions of the myth, most notably that of Hesiod, Prometheus was eventually freed by the hero Heracles.[9][10] In yet more symbolism, the struggle of Prometheus is located by some at Mount Elbrus or at Mount Kazbek, two volcanic promontories in the Caucasus Mountains beyond which for the ancient Greeks lay the realm of the barbari.[11]
In another myth, Prometheus establishes the form of animal sacrifice practiced in ancient Greek religion.[12] Evidence of a cult to Prometheus himself is not widespread. He was a focus of religious activity mainly at Athens, where he was linked to Athena and Hephaestus, who were the Greek deities of creative skills and technology.[13][14]
In the Western classical tradition, Prometheus became a figure who represented human striving (particularly the quest for scientific knowledge) and the risk of overreaching or unintended consequences. In particular, he was regarded in the Romantic era as embodying the lone genius whose efforts to improve human existence could also result in tragedy: Mary Shelley, for instance, gave The Modern Prometheus as the subtitle to her novel Frankenstein (1818).
- ^ Smith, "Prometheus" Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Prometheus | Description & Myth". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
- ^ The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Volume 2A: The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. United States: Pearson Education, Inc. 2006. p. 704. ISBN 0-321-33394-2.
- ^ William Hansen, Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 32, 48–50, 69–73, 93, 96, 102–104, 140; as trickster figure, p. 310.
- ^ Weiner, Jesse; Stevens, Benjamin Eldon; Rogers, Brett M.; Carlà, Filippo; Berti, Irene; McConnell, Justine; Hall, Edith; Stead, Henry; Hall, Edith, eds. (2018). Frankenstein and Its Classics: The Modern Prometheus from Antiquity to Science Fiction. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9781350054912.0006. ISBN 978-1-350-05491-2.
- ^ Dougherty, C. (2006). Prometheus. Abingdon: Routledge.
- ^ West, S. (1994). Prometheus Orientalized. Museum Helveticum, 51(3), 129-149.
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.7.1.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 526-8
- ^ Greenberg, Mike; PhD (2020-05-04). "Prometheus: The Complete Guide to the Greek Titan (2021)". Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
- ^ Thomas, Lowell (1964). Book of the High Mountains. Julian Messner. p. 159.
- ^ "PROMETHEUS - Greek Titan God of Forethought, Creator of Mankind". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
- ^ Lewis Richard Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896), vol. 1, pp. 36, 49, 75, 277, 285, 314, 346
- ^ Carol Dougherty, Prometheus (Routledge, 2006), p. 42ff