Proto-industrialization

Proto-industrialization
controversial – c. 1760
Location
Key events
  • Population growth
  • Glue production
  • Textile industries
Chronology
Pre-industrial era Industrial Revolution

Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets.[1] The term was introduced in the early 1970s by economic historians who argued that such developments in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution.[2] Later researchers suggested that similar conditions had arisen in other parts of the world.[2]

Proto-industrialization is also a term for a specific theory about proto-industries' role in the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. Aspects of the proto-industrialization theory have been challenged by other historians.[2] Critics of the idea of proto-industrialization are not necessarily critics of the idea of proto-industries having existed prominently or having played a role as social and economic factors.[3]

Criticism of the theory has taken various forms — that proto-industries were important and widespread but not the main factor transitioning to industrial capitalism, that proto-industries were not distinct enough from other types of pre-industrial manufacturing or agrarian handicrafts to formulate a wider phenomenon, or that proto-industrialisation is actually industrialisation.[3]

Other scholars have built and extended upon proto-industrialisation, or recapitulated its points — about proto-industry's role in the development of early modern economic and social systems of Europe and the Industrial Revolution.[3] Outside of Europe, major examples of economic phenomena tentatively classified as proto-industrialisation by historians were in Mughal India and Song China. A proto-industrial and even partially industrial economy has moreover been suggested for the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD.[4]

  1. ^ Coleman, D. C. (1983). "Proto-Industrialization: A Concept Too Many". The Economic History Review. New Series. 36 (3): 435–448. doi:10.2307/2594975. JSTOR 2594975. pp. 436–437.
  2. ^ a b c Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2008). "Protoindustrialization". In Durlauf, Steven; Blume, Lawrence (eds.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Vol. 6. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 711–714. ISBN 978-0-230-22642-5.
  3. ^ a b c Ogilvie, Sheilagh (1996). European proto-industrialization : an introductory handbook. Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, Markus Cerman. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–239. ISBN 0-521-49738-8. OCLC 32350024.
  4. ^ Dark, K. (2001). "Proto-industrialization and the Economy of the Roman Empire" (PDF). In Polfer, Michel (ed.). L’artisanat romain: évolutions, continuités et ruptures (Italie et provinces occidentales). Actes du 2ème colloque d’Erpeldange (26–28 octobre 2001), organisé par le Séminaire d’Études anciennes du Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg et Instrumentum (Monographies Instrumentum 20). Montagnac. pp. 19–29.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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