Spirituality

The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other.[1][2][3][note 1] Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man",[note 2] oriented at "the image of God"[4][5] as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world. The term was used within early Christianity to refer to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit[6] and broadened during the Late Middle Ages to include mental aspects of life.[7][8]

In modern times, the term both spread to other religious traditions[9] and broadened to refer to a wider range of experiences, including a range of esoteric and religious traditions. Modern usages tend to refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension,[10] and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live",[11][12] often in a context separate from organized religious institutions.[6] This may involve belief in a supernatural realm beyond the ordinarily observable world,[13] personal growth,[14] a quest for an ultimate or sacred meaning,[15] religious experience,[16] or an encounter with one's own "inner dimension".[17]

  1. ^ McCarroll, O'Connor & Meakes 2005, p. 44.
  2. ^ Koenig, King & Carson 2012, p. 36.
  3. ^ Cobb, Puchalski & Rumbold 2012, p. 213.
  4. ^ a b Waaijman 2000, p. 460.
  5. ^ a b Waaijman 2002, p. [page needed].
  6. ^ a b Wong & Vinsky 2009.
  7. ^ "The medieval mind". The Psychologist. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  8. ^ Safaria, Triantoro; Bashori, Khoiruddin (2022-10-27). "Relationship between Spirituality and Emotional Maturity with Cultural Intelligence in Preventing Culture Shock". Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi. 9 (1): 45–54. doi:10.15575/psy.v9i1.15628. ISSN 2502-2903. Archived from the original on 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  9. ^ Gorsuch & Miller 1999.
  10. ^ Saucier & Skrzypinska 2006, p. 1259.
  11. ^ Sheldrake 2007, pp. 1–2.
  12. ^ Griffin 1988.
  13. ^ Schuurmans-Stekhoven 2014.
  14. ^ Houtman & Aupers 2007.
  15. ^ Snyder & Lopez 2007, p. 261.
  16. ^ Sharf 2000.
  17. ^ Waaijman 2002, p. 315.


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