Theodore Roosevelt

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Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt c. 1904
26th President of the United States
In office September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
Vice President	None (1901–1905)[a] Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
Preceded by	William McKinley
Succeeded by	William Howard Taft
25th Vice President of the United States
In office March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901
President	William McKinley
Preceded by	Garret Hobart
Succeeded by	Charles W. Fairbanks
33rd Governor of New York
In office January 1, 1899 – December 31, 1900
Lieutenant	Timothy L. Woodruff
Preceded by	Frank S. Black
Succeeded by	Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.
5th Assistant Secretary of the Navy
In office April 19, 1897 – May 10, 1898
President	William McKinley
Preceded by	William McAdoo
Succeeded by	Charles Herbert Allen
President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners
In office May 6, 1895 – April 19, 1897
Appointed by	William Lafayette Strong
Preceded by	James J. Martin
Succeeded by	Frank Moss
Member of the New York State Assembly from the 21st district
In office January 1, 1882 – December 31, 1884
Preceded by	William J. Trimble
Succeeded by	Henry A. Barnum
Personal details
Born	Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1858-10-27)October 27, 1858 New York City, U.S.
Died	January 6, 1919(1919-01-06) (aged 60) Oyster Bay, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Youngs Memorial Cemetery, Oyster Bay
Political party	Republican (1880–1912, 1916–1919)
Other political affiliations	Progressive (1912–1916)
Spouses	Alice Lee ​ ​ (m. 1880; died 1884)​ Edith Carow ​ (m. 1886)​
Children	6
Relatives	Roosevelt family
Alma mater	Harvard University (AB) Columbia University
Occupation	Author conservationist explorer historian naturalist police commissioner politician soldier
Civilian awards	Nobel Peace Prize (1906)
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1882–1886 (New York National Guard) 1898
Rank	Colonel
Commands	1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry
Battles/wars	Spanish–American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill
Military awards	Medal of Honor (posthumous, 2001)
Theodore Roosevelt's voice Roosevelt giving a speech during his second presidential campaign Recorded 1912

Theodore Roosevelt Jr.^[b] (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, conservationist, naturalist, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously held various positions in New York politics, rising up the ranks to serve as the state's 33rd governor for two years. He later served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley for six months in 1901, assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination. As president, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.

A sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle. He integrated his exuberant personality and a vast range of interests and achievements into a "cowboy" persona defined by robust masculinity. He was home-schooled and began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College. His book The Naval War of 1812 (1882) established his reputation as a learned historian and popular writer. Upon entering politics, Roosevelt became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York's state legislature. His first wife and mother died on the same night, devastating him psychologically. He recuperated by buying and operating a cattle ranch in the Dakotas. Roosevelt served as assistant secretary of the Navy under President McKinley, and in 1898 helped plan the highly successful naval war against Spain. He resigned to help form and lead the Rough Riders, a unit that fought the Spanish Army in Cuba to great publicity. Returning a war hero, Roosevelt was elected New York's governor in 1898. The New York state party leadership disliked his ambitious agenda and convinced McKinley to choose him as his running mate in the 1900 presidential election, in which Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley–Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of victory, peace, and prosperity.

Roosevelt assumed the presidency at age 42, and remains the youngest person to become president of the United States. As a leader of the progressive movement, he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, which called for fairness for all citizens, breaking of bad trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. Roosevelt prioritized conservation and established national parks, forests, and monuments to preserve the nation's natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal. Roosevelt expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project American naval power. His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, making him the first American to ever win a Nobel Prize. Roosevelt was elected to a full term in 1904 and promoted policies more to the left, despite growing opposition from Republican leaders. During his presidency, he groomed his close ally William Howard Taft to succeed him in the 1908 presidential election.

Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's conservatism and belatedly tried and failed to win the 1912 Republican presidential nomination. He founded the new Progressive Party and ran in the 1912 election, and the split allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the election. Following the defeat, Roosevelt led a four-month expedition to the Amazon basin, where he nearly died of tropical disease. During World War I, he criticized Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. Roosevelt's health continued to deteriorate and he died in 1919. Polls of historians and political scientists rank him as one of the greatest presidents in American history.
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