Back Украина Abkhazian Ukraina ACE Украинэ ADY Oekraïne Afrikaans Ukraine ALS ዩክሬን Amharic Ukraine AMI Ucraína AN Ucrægna ANG أوكرانيا Arabic
Ukraine Україна (Ukrainian) | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: Державний Гімн України Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy "State Anthem of Ukraine" | |
.svg) .png)
| |
| Capital and largest city | Kyiv 49°N 32°E / 49°N 32°E |
| Ukrainian[1] |
| Ethnic groups (2001)[2] |
|
| Religion (2018)[3] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Ukrainian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
| Volodymyr Zelenskyy | |
| Denys Shmyhal | |
| Ruslan Stefanchuk | |
| Legislature | Verkhovna Rada |
| Formation | |
| 882 | |
| 1199 | |
| 18 August 1649 | |
| 10 June 1917 | |
| 10 March 1919 | |
| 24 August 1991 | |
| 28 June 1996 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 603,628[4] km2 (233,062 sq mi) (45th) |
• Water (%) | 3.8[5] |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 36,744,636[6] (41st) |
• Density | 73.8/km2 (191.1/sq mi) (115th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2021 estimate |
• Total |  $588 billion[7] |
• Per capita | $14,330[7] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate |
• Total | $198 billion[7] |
• Per capita | $4,830[7] |
| Gini (2020) |  25.6[8]low |
| HDI (2021) |  0.773[9]high · 77th |
| Currency | Hryvnia (₴) (UAH) |
| Time zone | UTC+2[10] (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Date format | dd.mm.yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +380 |
| ISO 3166 code | UA |
| Internet TLD | |
Website ukraine.ua | |
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, romanized: Ukraïna, pronounced [ʊkrɐˈjinɐ] (
listen)) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast.[a][11] Ukraine covers approximately 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi).[b] Prior to the ongoing Russian invasion, it was the eighth-most populous country in Europe, with a population of around 41 million people. On 1 January 2023, the United Nations estimated the Ukrainian population to be 34.1 million, with record low birth rates.[12] It is also bordered by Belarus to the north; by Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; and by Romania and Moldova[c] to the southwest; with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast.[d] Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city. Ukraine's state language is Ukrainian; Russian is also widely spoken, especially in the east and south.
During the Middle Ages, Ukraine was the site of early Slavic expansion and the area later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was ultimately destroyed by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia. The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century, but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and ultimately absorbed by the Russian Empire. Ukrainian nationalism developed, and following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed. The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union when it was formed in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the Holodomor, a man-made famine. The German occupation during World War II in Ukraine was devastating, and seven million Ukrainian civilians were killed, including the majority of Ukrainian Jews.
Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the Soviet Union dissolved, and declared itself neutral.[13] A new constitution was adopted in 1996. A series of mass demonstrations, known as the Euromaidan, led to the establishment of a new government in 2014 after a revolution. Russia then unilaterally annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula; and pro-Russian unrest culminated in a war in the Donbas between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in eastern Ukraine. Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Since the outbreak of war with Russia, Ukraine has continued to seek closer ties with the European Union and NATO.[14]
Ukraine is a unitary state with a semi-presidential system. It is a developing country, ranking 77th on the Human Development Index. Ukraine is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita,[15] and corruption remains a significant issue.[16][17] However, due to its extensive fertile land, pre-war Ukraine was one of the largest grain exporters in the world.[18][19] It is a founding member of the United Nations, as well as a member of the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the OSCE. It is in the process of joining the European Union and has submitted an application for NATO membership.[20]
- ^ "Law of Ukraine "On ensuring the functioning of Ukrainian as the state language": The status of Ukrainian and minority languages". 20 October 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Censuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Особливості Релігійного І Церковно-Релігійного Самовизначення Українських Громадян: Тенденції 2010-2018 [Features of Religious and Church - Religious Self-Determination of Ukrainian Citizens: Trends 2010-2018] (PDF) (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Razumkov Center in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches, 22 April 2018, pp. 12, 13, 16, 31, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2018
Sample of 2,018 respondents aged 18 years and over, interviewed 23–28 March 2018 in all regions of Ukraine except Crimea and the occupied territories of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions. - ^ "Ukraine". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 23 March 2022.
- ^ Jhariya, M.K.; Meena, R.S.; Banerjee, A. (2021). Ecological Intensification of Natural Resources for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Singapore. p. 40. ISBN 978-981-334-203-3. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ United Nations. "Population, including UN projections, 2023". Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d "WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK (APRIL 2022)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund.
- ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Ukraine". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ Net, Korrespondent (18 October 2011). Рішення Ради: Україна 30 жовтня перейде на зимовий час [Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter time on 30 October] (in Ukrainian). korrespondent.net. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Ukraine country profile". BBC News. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ United Nations. "Population, including UN projections, 2023". Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine". Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
European Commission Trade Ukrainewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "What is wrong with the Ukrainian economy?". Atlantic Council. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
- ^ Dlugy, Yana (1 July 2022). "Corruption in Ukraine". New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ Korostelina, Karina V. (March 2013). "Ukraine twenty years after independence". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. University of California Press. 46 (1): 53–64. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.008. JSTOR 48610373.
- ^ "Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister" (Press release). Black Sea Grain. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ^ "World Trade Report 2013". World Trade Organization. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Bilefsky, Dan (30 September 2022). "Ukraine submits an application to join NATO, with big hurdles ahead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).