Back ATR (rasgo fonético) Spanish Avancement ou rétraction de la racine de la langue French Avanzamento o retrazione della radice della lingua Italian 前方舌根性 Japanese
| Advanced tongue root (ATR) | |
|---|---|
| ◌̘ | |
| ◌꭪ | |
| IPA number | 417 |
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| Retracted tongue root (RTR) | |
|---|---|
| ◌̙ | |
| ◌꭫ | |
| IPA number | 418 |
In phonetics, advanced tongue root (ATR) and retracted tongue root (RTR) are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa, but also in Kazakh and Mongolian. ATR vs RTR was once suggested to be the basis for the distinction between tense and lax vowels in European languages such as German, but Ladefoged and Maddieson have indicated that the tongue root position in Germanic languages is not an independent gesture.[1]
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 304.