Back Aqonist davranış Azerbaijani Comportament agonístic Catalan Agonistisches Verhalten German Agonia kutimaro Esperanto Comportamiento agonístico Spanish رفتار ستیزهجویی Persian Comportement agonistique French Comportamento agonístico Galician Perilaku agonistik ID Comportamento agonistico Italian
Agonistic behaviour is any social behaviour related to fighting, which can include aggressive behaviour, but also threats, displays, retreats, placation, and conciliation. The term "agonistic behaviour" was first defined and used by J.P. Scott and Emil Fredericson in 1951 in their paper "The Causes of Fighting in Mice and Rats" in Physiological Zoology.[1][2] Agonistic behaviour is seen in many animal species because resources including food, shelter, and mates are often limited.
Ritualized aggression or ritualized fighting is when animals use a range of behaviours as posture or warning but without engaging in serious aggression or fighting, which would be expensive in terms of energy and the risk of injury. Ritualized aggression involves a graded series of behaviours or displays that include threatening gestures (such as vocalizations, spreading of wings or gill covers, lifting and presentation of claws, head bobbing, tail beating, lunging, etc.) and occasionally posturing physical actions such as inhibited (non-injurious) bites. This behavior is explained by evolutionary game theory.[3]
Some forms of agonistic behaviour are between contestants who are competing for access to the same resources, such as food or mates. Other times, it involves tests of strength or threat display that make animals look large and more physically fit, a display that may allow it to gain the resource before an actual battle takes place. Although agonistic behaviour varies among species, agonistic interaction consists of three kinds of behaviours: threat, aggression, and submission.[4] These three behaviours are functionally and physiologically interrelated, yet fall outside the narrow definition of aggressive behaviour. While any one of these divisions of behaviours may be seen alone in an interaction between two animals, they normally occur in sequence from start to end.[5] Depending on the availability and importance of a resource, behaviours can range from a fight to the death or a much safer ritualistic behaviour, though ritualistic or display behaviours are the most common form of agonistic behaviours.[5]
- ^ Barrows, Edward (2001). Animal Behavior Desk Reference. Florida: CRC Press LLC. ISBN 9780849320057.[page needed]
- ^ Scott, J. P.; Fredericson, Emil (1951). "The Causes of Fighting in Mice and Rats". Physiological Zoology. 24 (4): 273–309. doi:10.1086/physzool.24.4.30152137. JSTOR 30152137. S2CID 82466728.
- ^ Maynard Smith, John (1974). "The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflicts" (PDF). Journal of Theoretical Biology. 47 (1): 209–221. Bibcode:1974JThBi..47..209M. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(74)90110-6. PMID 4459582.
- ^ Manning, Aubrey (1998). An Introduction to Animal Behavior. Cambridge University Press.[page needed]
- ^ a b McGlone, John J. (April 1986). "Agonistic Behavior in Food Animals: Review of Research and Techniques" (PDF). Journal of Animal Science. 62 (4): 1130–1139. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6241130x. PMID 3519555. S2CID 6671914. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-04.