Back معاداة الكاثوليكية Arabic Anticatolicisme Catalan Antikatolicismus Czech Antikatholizismus German Anticatolicismo Spanish کاتولیسیزمستیزی Persian Anticatholicisme French Protukatoličanstvo Croatian Anti-Katolik ID Anticattolicesimo Italian
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Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents.[1] Scholars have identified four categories of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural.[2]
At various points after the Reformation, many majority-Protestant states, including England, Northern Ireland, Prussia and Germany, Scotland, and the United States, turned anti-Catholicism, opposition to the authority of Catholic clergy (anti-clericalism), opposition to the authority of the pope (anti-papalism), mockery of Catholic rituals, and opposition to Catholic adherents into major political themes and policies of religious discrimination and religious persecution.[3]
Major examples of populist groups that have targeted Catholics in recent history include Ulster loyalists in Northern Ireland during the Troubles and the second Ku Klux Klan in the United States.
Historically, Catholics who lived in Protestant countries were frequently suspected of conspiring against the state in furtherance of papal interests. In majority Protestant countries which experienced large scale immigration, such as the United States and Australia, suspicion of Catholic immigrants and/or discrimination against them frequently overlapped or was conflated with nativist, xenophobic, ethnocentric and/or racist sentiments (e.g. anti-Irish sentiment, anti-Filipino sentiment, anti-Italianism, anti-Spanish sentiment, and anti-Slavic sentiment, specifically anti-Polish sentiment).
In the early modern period, anti-clerical governments often attacked the Pope's ability to appoint bishops in order to ensure that the Church would not be independent from the State, confiscated Church property, expelled Catholic religious orders such as the Jesuits, banned Classical Christian education, and sought to replace it with a State-controlled school system.[4]
- ^ Anti-catholicism. Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. (accessed: November 13, 2008).
- ^ John Wolffe, "A Comparative Historical Categorisation of Anti-Catholicism." Journal of Religious History 39.2 (2015): 182–202.
- ^ Mehmet Karabela (2021). Islamic Thought Through Protestant Eyes. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-367-54954-1.
- ^ John W. O'Malley SJ, The Jesuits: A History from Ignatius to the Present (2017).[ISBN missing][page needed]