Antimatter

Antimatter
Antiparticles Positron Antiproton Antineutron Antihydrogen Antihelium Onia Antiprotonic hydrogen Antiprotonic helium Muonium True muonium Pionium Positronium Quarkonium
Concepts and phenomena Annihilation Baryogenesis Baryon asymmetry Comet CP violation Gravitational interaction Positron emission
Devices Cloud chamber Particle accelerator Antiproton decelerator Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Penning trap
Uses Positron emission tomography Fuel Weapon
Scientists Carl David Anderson Paul Dirac Andrei Sakharov CERN
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Modern physics
${\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }$ ${\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}$ Schrödinger and Einstein field equations
Founders Max Planck Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Werner Heisenberg Pascual Jordan Wolfgang Pauli Paul Dirac Ernest Rutherford Louis de Broglie Satyendra Nath Bose
Concepts Topology Space Time Energy Matter Work Randomness Information Entropy Light Particle Wave
Branches Applied Experimental Theoretical Mathematical Philosophy of physics Quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum information Quantum computation Electromagnetism Weak interaction Electroweak interaction Strong interaction Atomic Particle Nuclear Atomic, molecular, and optical Condensed matter Statistical Complex systems Non-linear dynamics Biophysics Neurophysics Plasma physics Special relativity General relativity Astrophysics Cosmology Theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything
Scientists Röntgen Witten Becquerel Lorentz Planck Curie Wien Skłodowska-Curie Sommerfeld Rutherford Soddy Onnes Einstein Wilczek Born Weyl Bohr Kramers Schrödinger de Broglie Laue Bose Compton Pauli Walton Fermi van der Waals Heisenberg Dyson Zeeman Moseley Hilbert Gödel Jordan Dirac Wigner Hawking P. W. Anderson Lemaître Thomson Poincaré Wheeler Penrose Millikan Nambu von Neumann Higgs Hahn Feynman Yang Lee Lenard Salam 't Hooft Veltman Bell Gell-Mann J. J. Thomson Raman Bragg Bardeen Shockley Chadwick Lawrence Zeilinger Goudsmit Uhlenbeck
Categories Modern physics
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In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge, parity, and time, known as CPT reversal. Antimatter occurs in natural processes like cosmic ray collisions and some types of radioactive decay, but only a tiny fraction of these have successfully been bound together in experiments to form antiatoms. Minuscule numbers of antiparticles can be generated at particle accelerators; however, total artificial production has been only a few nanograms.^[1] No macroscopic amount of antimatter has ever been assembled due to the extreme cost and difficulty of production and handling. Nonetheless, antimatter is an essential component of widely available applications related to beta decay, such as positron emission tomography, radiation therapy^{[citation needed]}, and industrial imaging.

In theory, a particle and its antiparticle (for example, a proton and an antiproton) have the same mass, but opposite electric charge, and other differences in quantum numbers.

A collision between any particle and its anti-particle partner leads to their mutual annihilation, giving rise to various proportions of intense photons (gamma rays), neutrinos, and sometimes less-massive particle–antiparticle pairs. The majority of the total energy of annihilation emerges in the form of ionizing radiation. If surrounding matter is present, the energy content of this radiation will be absorbed and converted into other forms of energy, such as heat or light. The amount of energy released is usually proportional to the total mass of the collided matter and antimatter, in accordance with the notable mass–energy equivalence equation, E=mc².^[2]

Antiparticles bind with each other to form antimatter, just as ordinary particles bind to form normal matter. For example, a positron (the antiparticle of the electron) and an antiproton (the antiparticle of the proton) can form an antihydrogen atom. The nuclei of antihelium have been artificially produced, albeit with difficulty, and are the most complex anti-nuclei so far observed.^[3] Physical principles indicate that complex antimatter atomic nuclei are possible, as well as anti-atoms corresponding to the known chemical elements.

There is strong evidence that the observable universe is composed almost entirely of ordinary matter, as opposed to an equal mixture of matter and antimatter.^[4] This asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the great unsolved problems in physics.^[5] The process by which this inequality between matter and antimatter particles is hypothesised to have occurred is called baryogenesis.