Back Spilvennote van Weerstand Afrikaans محور المقاومة Arabic Müqavimət Oxu Azerbaijani Вось супраціву Byelorussian تەوەری بەرگری CKB Osa odporu Czech Achse des Widerstands German Άξονας της Αντίστασης Greek Eje de la Resistencia Spanish محور مقاومت Persian

Axis of Resistance

Axis of Resistance
Leaders

Formerly

Group(s)Primary List
Active regionsCurrently:
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
northwestern Yemen
western Syria
Palestinian territories
Formerly
Syria
Ideology
Political positionBig tent
StatusActive, unofficial military alliance
Allies

Non-state allies

Opponents
Current

Non-state opponents

Former opponents
Battles and wars

The Axis of Resistance[a] is an informal coalition of Iranian-supported militant and political organizations across the Middle East.[24] Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.[25][24]

It most notably includes the Lebanese Hezbollah, Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the Popular Mobilization Forces, and the Yemeni Houthi movement.[b] It sometimes[26][27] includes Hamas,[c] and a variety of other Palestinian militant groups.[28][29][30] The various actions of members of this axis reflect their domestic interests while serving the broader goal of complicating Israel's attacks and imposing a cost on the United States to support Israel.[31] The United States designates most of these groups as terrorist organizations.[25] Despite this, between 2014 and 2017, militant groups within the axis under the command of Qasem Soleimani co-ordinated with U.S. military forces against the Islamic State (IS) organization during the war in Iraq (2013–2017).[32]

Until the fall of the Assad regime in 2024,[33] Ba'athist Syria was the only state member of the Axis beside Iran,[25] hosting fighters trained and recruited by Iran.[34] The coalition has also conducted attacks on US forces in Iraq.[34][35] Through its Quds Force, a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran has provided extensive military and logistical support, with an estimated $700 million spent annually on these groups before sanctions affected its resources in 2019.[24][36]

The conflicts engulfing the Middle East in 2023–2025, beginning with the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, have weakened the Axis of Resistance and the strategy behind it, according to an analysis by Associated Press.[33] The network has suffered blows in the Gaza war[37][38] and the Israel–Hezbollah conflict.[37][33][39][25] Additionally, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's fall further disrupted the network.[33][38][40] The Houthis and militias in Iraq remain intact as of December 2024.[38]

  1. ^ "Cuba condena el asesinato del líder de Hizbulá tras el bombardeo de Israel en Beirut" [Cuba condemns the killing of the leader of Hezbollah after Israel's bombing of Beirut]. Infobae (in Spanish). 28 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  2. ^ Jay Solomon (2017-11-27). "High-Level Contacts Between North Korea and Iran Hint at Deeper Military Cooperation". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  3. ^ "Iranian press review: Venezuela part of 'Axis of Resistance', says Maduro". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  4. ^ Coleman, Luke (5 March 2015). "Assad: We Armed Kurds Before International Coalition". basnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
  5. ^ "بالتزامن مع تعامي المجتمع الدولي عن مأساتهم...أوضاع إنسانية كارثية يعيشها نحو 700 ألف مدني في منطقة عفرين التي تحاصرها القوات التركية • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان". 14 March 2018.
  6. ^ "Assad regime says it will continue to provide weaponry, money to Kurds". DailySabah. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  7. ^ Vivian Nereim (13 September 2023). "U.S. Deepens Security Pledge to Bahrain, an Adversary of Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Palestinian Fatah group says Iran trying to spread chaos in West Bank". Reuters. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  9. ^ Myre, Greg (4 February 2025). "Syria's new leader denounces Iran, calling its proxies a regional threat". NPR.
  10. ^ "IRAN'S SHADOW WAR ON ISIS". 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  11. ^ Nadimi, Farzim (10 September 2014). "Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  12. ^ "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  13. ^ "IRGC trains government militias to fight SDF in eastern Syria". npasyria.com. 22 Jan 2024. Archived from the original on 15 December 2024.
  14. ^ Farhat, Beatrice (8 August 2024). "Clashes between Arab tribes, SDF forces in Syria pose challenge to US". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024.
  15. ^ "Iran-backed group attacks SDF, killing one in Deir ez-Zor: Monitor". rudaw.net. 22 September 2024. Archived from the original on 22 September 2024.
  16. ^ "Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid, including missiles, with Russian funding". debka.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  17. ^ "Egypt voices support for Russia's moves in Syria". Reuters. 2015-10-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  18. ^ Walsh, Declan (24 August 2017). "Qatar Restores Full Relations with Iran, Deepening Gulf Feud". The New York Times.
  19. ^ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2023. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
  20. ^ Samia Nakhoul, Aziz El Yaakoubi (24 May 2023). "Saudi embrace of Assad sends strong signal to US". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  21. ^ "UAE reopens Syria embassy in boost for Assad". Reuters. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  22. ^ Cafarella, Jennifer (2014). "Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda" (PDF). Middle East Security Report 25. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War: 8–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2022.
  23. ^ "جبهه مقاومت". Khamenei.ir (in Persian).
  24. ^ a b c Al-Kassab, Fatima (26 October 2023). "What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East?". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  25. ^ a b c d Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (30 September 2024). "Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails". The New York Times.
  26. ^ "Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  27. ^ "What links Hamas to the 'Axis of Resistance' and Iran as its patron?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  28. ^ "Iran backs Assad as Syrian forces choke off Aleppo". Reuters. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  29. ^ "Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance'". CNN. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference crisisgroup20100802 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference soufancenter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Arango, Tim (13 Jan 2020). "Qassim Suleimani, Master of Iran's Intrigue, Built a Shiite Axis of Power in Mideast". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2024. "... that conflict, from 2014 through 2017, was a rare instance of Iran and the United States nominally fighting on the same side. On a number of occasions, Americans were hitting Islamic State targets from the air while General Suleimani was directing ground forces against the militants.
  33. ^ a b c d "Analysis: Collapse of Syria's Assad is a blow to Iran's 'Axis of Resistance'". AP News. 2024-12-08. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  34. ^ a b J. Rubin, Alissa; Hubbard, Ben; Gamio, Lazaro (1 October 2024). "What to Know About the Axis of Resistance, the Iran-backed Militia Network". The New York Times.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Master of Iran's was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ "What is Iran's axis of resistance?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  37. ^ a b "Will Iran Become More Dangerous After Assad's Ouster in Syria?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  38. ^ a b c Rubin, Alissa J. (2024-12-08). "With Assad's Fall, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Unravels". The New York Times.
  39. ^ "Iran Suffers Blow of 'Historic Proportions' With Assad's Fall". The Wall Street Journal. 2024-12-09.
  40. ^ "Fall of Assad in Syria deals serious blow to Iran's axis of resistance". The Washington Post. 2024-12-10.


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